LUTBCBBITZ
141
LUTBSERITZ
endorf, Luthardt, and the ecclesiastical historian.
Hauck; in the faculty of law. von W&chter, ana
Windscheid; the Germanic scholar Wilhelm Albrecht,
and his pupil von Gerber, later Minister of Worship
and Education in Saxony; the historians of German
jurisprudence, Stobbe and Sohm, and the authorities
on criminal law» Binding and Wach. More than one-
fifth of all the law students of Germany in the years
1875--85 took a part of their course at Leipzig. At
the present date the law faculty of Leipzig ranks
thira in Germany, after Berlin and Municn. In the
medical faculty, Benno Schmidt, Trendelenburg, and
Kolliker have especially aided in the advancement
of sumry; in anatomy, Bock and His; in patho-
logical anatomy, Birch-Hirschfeld and Marchand;
in physics and physiology, Ludwig* in the philo-
sopnical faculty, Weber, the founder of psycho-
physics; Volkelt, writer on Eesthetics; the philosopher
Uustav Theodore Fechner, and Wilhelm Wundt, the
founder of the widely known institute for experi-
mental psychology. Pedagogics developed at Leipzig
into an independent science, and, when a pedagog-
ical seminary was founded by Ziller in 1861, the
study acquii^ a still greater importance. In the
department of classical philolo^ should be men-
tioned the names of Hermann, Ritschl, Ribbeck, and
ihe ardhffiologist Overbeck; in Germanic philology,
Haupt and Zamcke; in comparative philology, Bru^-
mann; in the languages of Eastern Asia, Conradi; m
the science of history, Mommsen and Lamprecht,
¥dio of late years has been known far beyond the
circle of specialists in his department. In political
economy, Roscher was the founder of the historical
school; also Bilcher, who is well known for his in-
vestigations into the relations of the State to trade
and manufacture, and applied statistics. The
matriculated students at Leipzig number nearly 5000.
Fribdbbro, Die Univ. Leiptia in VergangenheU und Oegen- iMxr< (Leipsig. 1898); Leipxiger KtUender. IlltuirierUB Jahrbuch umd Chronik (LeipztjS, 1909); Euuenburq, Die Entwicklung der
UniveraiUU Leipzig in den letiten hundert Jahren (Leipzig, 1909) ;
itf Unwerntat Leipzig in ihrem tatutendMen Semester
Uach
?tig,
Kkbn, Die Leipziger Theologi^che FakulMt in fUnf Jahrhunder-
BncDA. Die
CLoipsi^, 1909) ; FeHtchrift zur Feier dee 500 jHhrigen BeeUhene
der VmvereiUU Leipzig, issued by the rector and senate: I,
^etpzxg\
rFt
ten; II, Frtedbbro, Die Leipziger JurielenfakuWit, ihre Dok-
loren und ihr Heim; III, Die fnslitide der mediziniachen FakuU&t
an der Univereit&t Leipzig; IV, Die Inetitute und Seminare der
pkiioeophieehen Fc^ulUit an der UnivereiUit Leipzig; part I, Die
^iMogieehe und die philoaophieeh-hiMoriache Sektion; part II,
Die matkematieeh-naturwieeenechaftliche Sektion (I^eipsig, 1909);
LiEBifANV, Festgdbe der deutachen Juriatenzeitung zum 600
i^hrigen Jubil&um der UniveraiUU Leipzig (Berlin, 1909).
Karl Hoeber.
Leitmeriti, Diocese of (Litomericensis), in Austria, embraces the northern part of the Kingdom of Bohemia (see map accompanying Austria-Hungart).
I. History. — After the introauction of Christianity under Charleniagne and Louis the German, the present Diocese of Leitmeritz formed part of the Diocese of Ratisbon. Before the end of the tenth century the Christian religion was so widespread that Emperor Otto I founded the first Bohemian diocese (Prague) in 973, which included all Bohemia. The first church in Leitmeritz, dedicated to St. Wenceslaus, was built in 925, while in 1057 Duke Spitihn^ built St. Stephen's church and founded a collegiate chapter. In time numerous monasteries were ouilt; in 1384 the city, with its suburbs, possessed thirteen churches and chapels, and, besides numerous religious, twenty secu- lar priests engaged in the cure of souls. The Hussite Ware put an end to this flourishing ecclesiastical or- pmisation. In 1421 Ziska appear^ before Leitmer- iti, which was spared only on condition of accepting Uie Hussite religion. The collegiate church alone, despoiled of its possessions, held nrm to the old rite of Communion unaer one kind. Hussitism was the fore- runner of Protestantism, which found the ^und al- readv prepared on account of the long religious ware, the decline of learning among ecclesiastics, the lack of
priests, and the insubordination of the nobles, who
nad become rich andpowerf ul through the wealtn and
possessions of the Church. At first the nobility ac-
cepted the teaching of Luther, and in many cities the
transition from Utraquism to Lutheranism soon fol-
lowed. Through the priest Gallus Cahera, a disciple
of Luther, Leitmeritz was also won over to Protestant-
ism. The Thirty Years War brought a reaction. By
the victorious campaign of the emperor in Bohemia
the revolutionary nobles were overthrown, the cities
lost theirprivileges, and the people emigrated or again
became (Jatholics. For the better administration of
the laige Archdiocese of Prague, the bishop of that time,
Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach, a nephew of Wal-
lenstein, divided its territory, and created the dioceses
of KoniggHitz (q. v.) and Leitmeritz as its suffragans.
In 1655 the then provost of the collegiate chapter of Leitmeritz, Baron Max Rudolf von Schleinitz, was named first Bishop of Leitmeritz (1655-75). He buil^ the cathedral to replace the small collegiate church, organized the diocese, and expended his whole fortime on the improvement of his see. His successor, Coimt Jaroslaus Franz Ignaz von Sternberg (1676-1709), finished the cathedral and erected the episcopal cuna (1694-1701). The foiuth bisiiop, Johann Adam, Count Wratislaus von Mitrowitz (1721-33), appeare to have administered also the Archdiocese of Prague. In the Seven Years War, during the administration of Duke Moritz Adolf of Sachsen-Zeitz (1733-59), who built the seminary, the diocese had much to suffer from the Prussians. His successor, Coimt Emanuel Ernst von Waldstein (1760-89), made little opposition to the efforts of the Government to spread through the diocese the ideas of Febronius; the convents of the Jesuits, Augustinians. Servites, etc. were confiscated, manv churches closed as superfluous, and all brother- hoods disbanded. In 1784 the territory of the diocese was increased by two districts. The next bishop, Ferdinand Kindermann, Ritter von Sohulstein (1790- 1801), had before his appointment to the bishopric won deserved fame as a reformer and organizer of the whole educational system of Bohemia; as bishop he continued to direct education in his diocese, built the cathedral parochial school, and erected an institute for the education of girls at Leitmeritz. The eighth bishop, Wenzel Leopold Chlumdansky, Ritter von Prfistawlk and Chlum6an (1802-15), a true father of the poor, built the ecclesiastical seminary in 1805. Joseph Franz Hurdalek (1815-1823) was obliged to resign. Vincenz Eduard Milde (1823-32) OMCcame Archbishop of Vienna. Augustin Bartholomftus Hille (1832-65) opened in 1851 the school for boys and a normal college. He was succeeded by Augustin Paul Wahala (1866-77), in whose time originated in Wams- dorf the sect of the Old Catholics; Anton Ludwig Frind (1879-81), the learned author of the "Ecclesiastical History of Bohemia"; and Emanuel Johann Schobel (1882-1909), to whom the diocese is indebted for many churches and for the introduction of popular missions: and JosephGross (consecrated 23 May, 1910).
II. Statistics. — In 1909 the diocese numlwred 28 vicariates, 2 provostships, 3 archdeaneries, 37 deaner- ies, 392 parishes, 7 Exposituren (substantially inde- pendent filial churches), 343 stations, chaplaincies, and curacies, 26 other benefices, 628 churches, 397 public chapels, 756 secular priests engaged in the cure of souls, 87 other secular priests, 140 religious priests. 1,598,900 Catholics, 33,560 Protestants, 10,400 Old Catholics, and 18,300 Jews. The Church in this dio- cese has much to contend with. For centuries two different races (German and Czech), and two different beliefs (Catholic and Protestant), have existed side by side, and national and religious diputes are of frequent occurrence. The Loa-voU'Rom movement, having its origin in (jrermany, sought in the Diocese of Leitmer- ritz, situated on the boniers. a vantage ground for the propagation of its ideas, and as a remilt thousands of
