BOLOGNESE SCHOOL jects in the city; and the market is adorned with the colossal bronze Neptune of Gicn-anni di Bologna. An arcade of 640 arches leads to the Church of Ma- donna di St. Lucca, situated at the foot of the Apennines, near Bologrna, and the resort of pilgrims from all parts of Italy. Bologna has long been renowned for its university, claiming to have been founded in 1088, and having a library which numbers over 200,000 volumes and 9,000 MSS. The Biblioteca municipale has a library which numbers about 160,000 vol- umes, with 6,000 MSS. The Church of St. Domenico has a library of 120,000 volumes. The Academy of Fine Arts has a rich collection of paintings by na- tive artists, such as Francia, and the later Bolognese school, of which the Caraccis, Guido Reni, Domenichino, and Albano were the founders. Bologna was founded by the Etruscans under the name of Felsina; became, in 189 B. C, the Roman colony Bononia ; was taken by the Longobards about 728 A. D. ; passed into the hands of the Franks, and was made a free city by Charlemagne. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was one of the most flourishing of the Italian republics; but the feuds between the different parties of the nobles led to its submission to the papal see in 1513. Several attempts were made to throw off the Papal yoke, one of which, in 1831, was for a time successful. In 1849 the Austrians obtained possession of it. In 1860 it was annexed to the dominions of King Victor Emmanuel. Pop. about 190,000. BOLOGNESE SCHOOL, an Italian school of painting, founded in the 14th century, probably by Franco. The great master of the school was Francesco Francia, a contemporary of Raphael, celebrated for the purity and serenity of his Madonnas. The Caracci, who painted the frescoes of the Farnese Palace, were the leaders of the later school. BOLOMETER, a most sensitive elec- trical instrument invented by Svanberg in 1851 for the measurement of radiant heat. BOLO PASHA, French traitor, ex- ecuted at Vincennes, France, April 17, 1918. His real name was Paul Bolo. He lived a shady life in Paris, with no ap- parent means of support, except a pen- sion received from his brother, Monsi- gnor Bolo, an eminent French prelate. After the war had begun, however, Bolo Pasha suddenly seemed to be in posses- sion of large funds and entered upon an expensive mode of living. He went to America, and, as it was later shown, 94 BOLSHEVISM was in close relations with Von Berns- torff, the German Ambassador to the United States. The activities of Bolo and his sudden accession to wealth had aroused the suspicions of friends of the Allied cause, both in America and in France, with the result that he was shadowed and ultimately arrested as a traitor. His trial was a sensational one. The evidence was overwhelming and Bolo was condemned to death. BOLOE TAGH, also BILAUR, or BELUT TAGH, a mountain range for- merly imagined to exist in central Asia between eastern and western Turkestan, as the axis of the continent. BOLSCHE, WILHELM, German au- thor, born in Cologne in 1861, author of "Scientific Bases of Poetry" (1887), "Bacillus to Man" (1900). BOLSENA (ancient Vulsinum), a walled town of central Italy, province of Viterbo, 11 miles W. S. W. of Orvieto, on a lake of the same name. It is only noticeable for the ruins of the Etruscan goddess Nortia, a granite sarcophagus, ornamented with bas reliefs, and other remains of antiquity. This was anciently a place of great wealth and luxury, and Pliny says that when taken by the Ro- mans, 266 B. C, it contained no less than 7,000 statues. BOLSHEVISM, a political and economic theory that has received practical ap- plication in Russia and to a limited ex- tent in other countries. The word itself is Russian and as applied to a party means "Those who want more or most," i. e., the Extremists or Maximalists, who demand at once a complete overthrow of existing forms and the substitution of a new social order, as contrasted with the Minimalists, who, while demanding extensive reforms, are content to have these come gradually and as an evolu- tion from present conditions. Russia offered the field, and the downfall of the Czar furnished the occasion, for putting the theory in practice. The collapse of the Czaristic regime threw the whole vast empire into a welter of confusion. A contest ensued at once for the posses- sion of power. The conservative element sought to establish a republican form of government, and as a concession to the agrarian element, offered to divide among the peasants the former estates of the Czar and the Church. The more mod- erate Socialists would have gone further in the matter of distribution, but thought the matter should be left with the Con- stituent Assembly. The Bolshevist ele- ment led by Lenine and Trotzky {q. v.), declared for the taking of al? the *and
