BBUGG 205 BRUNAI powerful Counts of Flanders, who re- sided there from the 9th to the 15th cen- turies, its woolen manufactures grew and flourished to an amazing extent. Under the Austrian dynasty, at the close of the 15th century, the rebellious con- duct of the inhabitants of Bruges called upon it such destructive vengeance that henceforth its greatness died away, its trade was transferred to Antwerp, and the religious persecution and ferocity of the Spanish under Philip II. and the Duke of Alva completed the process of its ruin. Early in 1904, a new canal was inaugurated, extending from Zeebrugge, a port on the North Sea, 14.29 miles N. of Ostend, to the city, a distance of 7.49 miles. Pop. about 54,000. In the World War (1914-1918) the Germans occupied Bruges in the fall of 1914 and held it to the close of the conflict. With Zeebrugge it became a submarine base for attacks on British channel shipping. In the bom- bardment of the city by the Germans in 1915 many famous buildings were dam- aged or destroyed. These included the Hotel de Ville, Les Halles, with a famous belfry, and the ancient Hospital of St. John, erected in the 12th century. BRUGG, a town in the Swiss canton of Aargau, on the right bank of the Aar, and near the mouth of the Reuss, 36 miles E. S. E. of Basel by rail. Near it is the site of Vindonissa, the chief Roman sta- tion in Helvetia; and it was also the cradle of the house of Hapsburg, whose ruined castle, founded in 1020, crowns a wooded height 2 miles from the village. Nearer is the abbey of Konigsfelden (1310; converted in 1872 into an asylum) , in the vaults beneath which are interred many of the members of the Austrian royal family. B B, U G S C H, HEINRICH KARL (brogsh), a German Egyptologist, bom in Berlin, Feb. 18, 1827. He early de- voted himself to the study of Egyptian antiquities, and resided a number of years in Egypt, being for some time in the employment of the Egyptian Govern- ment, by which he was created a Bey, and latterly a Pasha. His "History of Egypt from the Monuments" has been translated into English. He died in Ber- lin, Sept. 11, 1894. BRUISE, or CONTUSION, signifies an injury inflicted by a blow or sudden pres- sure, in which the skin is not wounded, and no bone is broken or dislocated. Both terms, and especially the latter, are em- ployed in surgery to include all such in- juries in their widest range, from a black eye to a thoroughly crushed mass of muscle. 14— Vol With regard to treatment, simple and not very severe bruises require little treatment, but the rest necessary for the avoidance of pain ; but the removal of the swelling and discoloration may be has- tened by the application of various local stimulants, which seem to act by accel- erating the circulation through the bruised part, and promoting the absorp- tion of the effused fluid. Tinture of ar- nica has a great reputation; but experi- ments have made it very doubtful whether it is any more efficacious than simple spirit of the same strength. A solution of sulphurous acid, and hazeline and other preparations of the American witch-hazel are of more value. They should be kept constantly applied to the bruised part on lint or cotton wool. Bruises of a more severe nature, as when there is much breaking or crushing of the tissues, must, of course, at once be placed in the hands of a surgeon. BRUM AIRE (brii-mar'), the second month of the year in the French Revolu- tionary calendar. It commenced on the 23d of October, and ended on the 21st of November, thus comprising 30 days. It received its name from the fogs that usually prevail about this time. The 18th of Brumaire, VIII. year (Nov. 9, 1799), is celebrated for the overthrow of the Di- rectory, and the establishment of the sway of Napoleon. BRUMMEL, GEORGE BRYAN (the sometime famous Beau Brummel), born in London, June 7, 1778. He was edu- cated at Eton, and there forrned intima- cies with the younger nobility of the day. On his father's death, inheriting a fortune of about $150,000, he began his ca- reer as a man of fashion, and became the intimate associate of the Prince of Wales (afterward George IV.). He it was who inaugurated the reign of dandyism, and for a period of 20 years exercised almost despotic sway over English society in the matter of dress. His fortune being soon swallowed up, he maintained his position in society by his success at play. After a rupture with the Prince, oppressed by debt, and the falling off of former friends, he retired to Calais, and after- ward to Caen, where he was appointed British consul, and where he died, March 30, 1840. BRUNAi (broni),OT BRUNEI, a Brit- ish Protectorate in the N. W. of Borneo, till 1888 nominally an independent Mo- hammedan territory, whose sultan was formerly overlord of the whole island. Area, about 4,000 square miles; pop. est. at 30,000, divided into trade castes. The capital, Brunai, on a river of the same name, is a miserable, dirty tovn, built II— Cyc
