CARLISI/E 362 CABLOS Howard, of Nawarth, Cumberland; who, by adherence to Cromwell and afterward to Charles II. rose to be first earl of Carlisle. CARLISLE, JOHN GRIFFIN, an American statesman, born in Campbell CO., Ky., Sept. 5, 1835; received a com- mon-school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar (1858). He served several terms in the lower house of the State Legislature. During the Civil War he actively opposed secession, and in 1866 and 1869 was a member of the State Senate. He was lieutenant- governor of Kentucky (1871-1875), was elected to Congress (1876), and five times re-elected. His ability soon made him one of the Democratic leaders. In the 48th, 49th, and 50th Congresses he was chosen Speaker. In 1890 he was elected United States Senator, but re- signed in March, 1893, to accept the portfolio of Secretary of the Treasury in President Cleveland's Cabinet. At the close of his term he settled in New York City to practice law. He died July 31, 1910. CARLISTS, a Spanish political faction which advocates the claims of Carlos of Bourbon and his descendants to the Spanish throne. In 1833 the Carlists, whose chief strength lay in the Basque provinces, and who, because of their ten- ets of absolutism and priestcraft, were secretly favored by the Pope and the eastern powers, raised the standard of revolt. They had the advantage until 1836, when Espartero inflicted on them a terrific defeat at Luchana. In August, 1839, their commander, Maroto, treach- erously made peace, and the remaining Carlists soon fled to France. In 1873 the grandson of the first pretender raised another revolt in the Basque prov- inces of Navarre and Biscay, but after several sharp conflicts the rebels were hemmed in along the N. coast, and in 1876 the pretender and his chief sup- porters fled into France. CARLOMAN, the eldest son of Charles Martel, whom he succeeded as King of Austrasia in 741. He and his brother, Pepin, united in defending their domin- ions against the encroachments of their neighbors, and defeated the Germans in 743. Carloman then entered Saxony, took its duke prisoner, and, after sev- eral successful expeditions, became a monk of the order of St. Benedict. He assembled a famous council in 742, whose acts bear his name. Died 755. There were three others of the same name: The first was the younger brother of Charlemagne, with whom he had some contention about the kingdom, but, on his death, in 771, left him in full posses- sion. The second was the son of Louis II., whom he succeeded in 879, in con- junction with his brother Louis III. On the death of the latter, he was declared sole King of France, and was killed in hunting, by a wild boar, in 884. The third, Carloman, was the eldest son of Louis I., King of Germany, whom he succeeded, in 876, in the kingdom of Bavaria. He made some partial con- quests in Italy. Died 880. CARLOS, DON, son of Philip II. by his first marriage with Maria of Portu- gal; bom in Valladolid, July 8, 1545. After his recognition as heir to the throne, Don Carlos was sent to study at the University of Alcala de Henares, where, however, he profited so little, that the king, regarding him as unqualified to reign, invited a nephew, the Arch- duke Rudolf, to Spain, intending to make him heir to the throne. The weak intel- lect, with vicious and cruel tendencies, which the young prince showed early, may have been due to an injury to his head from a fall down the stairs at Alcala de Henares; or more probably was congenital through the fatal descent from "Juana la loca," and only aggra- vated by his accident. Excluded from all participation in the government, he early conceived a strong aversion toward the king's confidants, and especially was unwilling that the Duke of Alva should have the government of Flanders. In confession to a priest, on Christmas eve, 1567, he betrayed his purpose to assassi- nate a certain person; and as the king was believed to be the intended victim, this confession was divulged. The pa- pers of Don Carlos were seized; he was tried and found guilty of conspiring against the life of the king, and of trai- torously endeavoring to raise an insur- rection in Flanders. The sentence was left for the king to pronounce. Philip declared that he could make no exception in favor of such an unworthy son, but sentence of death was not formally re- corded. Shortly afterward he died, July 24, 1568, and was interred in the Do- minican monastery, El-Real, at Madrid. The suspicion that he was poisoned or strangled has no valid evidence to sup- port it. The enemies of Philip II. were eager to prove him the murderer of his son, and much has been written on this problem. The version of the story which obtained so much currency through "Don Carlos," the great tragedy of Schiller, was due to the romancing pen of Saint- Real in 1672. Its credibility was shat- tered first in 1817 by the Spanish writer, Llorente, and in 1829 by the learned Ranke in vol. xlvi. of the "Vienna Year- 1
