CABLSTADT 354 CARLYLE 1715, and built in the form of a fan, with 32 streets radiating from the for- mer grand-ducal palace, it has a number of fine buildings — the palace itself (1751- 1776), the parliament-house (1845), the theater (1853), the town-hall (1821), the museum (1852), with a library of about 200,000 volumes. Before the palace stands a bronze statue of the city's founder, the Margrave Charles William; and in the market-place is a stone pyra- mid inclosing his remains. The manu- factures include machines of various sorts, engines, locomotives, railway car- riages and wagons, jewelry, carpets, chemical products, and cloth. There are numerous educational institutions. Dur- ing the World War it was bombed sev- eral times by Allied aeroplanes. Fop. about 135,000. CARLSTADT, or KARLSTADT, a fortified town of Croatia, Jugoslavia, on the Kulpa, 32 miles S. W. of Agram by rail. It is the seat of a Greek bishopric, and has a large transit trade. Pop. about 17,500. CARLSTADT, ANDREAS RUDOLF BODENSTEIN, a German reformer, born in Carlstadt, Franconia, in 1480. He was appointed professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1513. About 1517 he became one of Luther's warmest sup- porters. He was excommunicated by the bull against Luther, and was the first to appeal from the Pope to a general council. While Luther was at the Wart- burg Carlstadt instigated the people and students to the destruction of the altars and the images of the saints, greatly to the displeasure of Luther. In 1524 he declared himself publicly the opponent of Luther, and commenced the contro- versy respecting the sacrament, denying the bodily presence of Christ in the sac- ramental elements. This controversy ended in the separation of the Calvinists and Lutherans. After many misfortunes he settled as vicar and professor of the- ology at Basel, where he died, Dec. 25, 1541. CARLTON, NEWCOMB, an Ameri- can capitalist, born in Elizabeth, N. J., in 1869. He graduated from Stevens In- stitute of Technology in 1890. He prac- ticed as a mechanical engineer from 1891 to 1899, becoming in the latter year di- rector of the works at the Pan-American Exposition. He was appointed vice-pres- ident of the Bell Telephone Company of Buffalo from 1902 to 1904, and was vice- president of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. He served this company in various capacities until 1914, when he was appointed president of the Western Union Telegraph Com- pany. He was a director in many im- portant financial institutions and cor- porations. CARLYLE, THOMAS, an English author, born in Ecclefechan, Dumfries- shire, Scotland, Dec. 4, 1795. He was the eldest son of James Carlyle, a mason, afterward a farmer, and was intended for the Church, with which object he was carefully educated at the parish school and afterward at the burgh school of Annan. In his 15th year he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he developed a strong taste for math- ematics. Having renounced the idea of becoming a minister, after finishing his curriculum (in 1814) he became a teacher for about four years, first at Annan, afterward at Kirkcaldy. In 1818 he removed to Edinburgh, where he sup- ported himself by literary work, devoted much time to the study of German, and THOMAS CARLYLE went through a varied and extensive course of reading in history, poetry, ro- mance, and other fields. His first literary productions were short biographies and ether articles for the "Edinburgh Encyclopaedia." His career as an author may be said to have begun with the issue in monthly por- tions of his "Life of Schiller" in the London Magazine, in 1823, this work be- ing enlarged and published separately in 1825. In 1824 he published a transla- tion of Legendre's "Geometry," with an essay on proportion by himself prefixed. The same year appeared his translation
