CABNARVONSillRE 357 CABNEGIE ative administration of 1885-1886 he was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He was au- thor of "The Druses of Mount Lebanon" (1860), "Reminiscences of Athens and the Morea" (1869), and translations of the "Agamemnon" (1879), and the "Odyssey" (1886). He died June 28, 1890. CABNARVONSHIRE, a county in the northern part of Wales. It has an area of 565 square miles, of which one-half is pasture land. The surface in general is mountainous. There are important mines of copper, lead, zinc, and coal. Dairying is the chief agricultural indus- try. The principal towns are Carnarvon, the county seat; Bangor, and Conway. Pop. about 130,000. CARNATIC, a region on the E^ or Coromandel coast of India, now included in the presidency of Madras, extending inland to the Eastern Ghats, and length- wise from Cape Comorin to 16° N. It extended for about 600 miles along the E. coast, and from 50 to 100 miles in- land. The name Karnataka was orig- inally applied by its Mohammedan con- querors to Mysore and the country above the Ghats. In course of time the same term has come to be applied exclusively to the country below the Ghats. The Camatic is no longer an administrative division, but is memorable as the theater of the struggle between France and Eng- land for supremacy in India. CARNATION, the popular name of varieties of Dianthus Caryophyllus, the clove-pink. The carnations of the flor- ists are much prized for the beautiful colors of their sweet-scented, double flowers. They are arranged into three classes according to color, viz., hizarres, flakes, and picotees. CARNAUBA, the Brazilian name of the palm Co^rypha cerifera, which has its leaves coated with waxy scales, yielding by boiling a useful wax. The fruit and pith are eaten, the leaves are variously employed, and the wood in building. CARNEGIE, a borough of Pennsyl- vania, in Allegheny co. It is on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Chartiers, and Youghiogheny, and the Wabash Pitts- burgh Terminal railroads. Its chief in- dustry is the manufacture of steel and it is also an important coal-mining center. In addition there are manufactures of lead, stoves, and granite ware. The city has a public library, Elks' Home, orphan asylum, high school, and other public buildings. Pop. (1910) 10,009; (1920) 11,516. CARNEGIE, ANDREW, an Ameri- can manufacturer and philanthropist^ born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1837. He came to the United States in 1848, settled in Pittsburgh, became a telegraph operator and later a railroad superintendent. During the Civil War he served the Government as superin- tendent of military railways and tele- gi-aph lines in the East, and after the conflict was over established great iron works at Pittsburgh, with which city his business interests have been chiefly iden- ANDREW CARNEGIE tified. He introduced the Bessemer process of making' steel in 1868. The extensive industries that he controlled were consolidated in 1889 into the Car- negie Steel Company, the largest plant of its kind in the country. In 1901 his interests were bought and merged by J. P. Morgan into the United States Steel Corporation. Mr. Carnegie then retired from business and devoted him- self entirely to philanthropic and social welfare purposes. Up to June 1, 1918, he had given away $350,000,000. Over $60,000,000 of this amount was expended in the construction of 2,811 public libra- ries, while many more millions were de- voted to their endowment. His benefac*
