CABrNEGIE INSTITUTIOJ^ 359 CAENOT tion is situated in Schenley Park, about 3 miles from the business center of Pittsburgh. It is composed of 4 separate schools: a School of Applied Science, a School of Applied Design, a School for Applied Industries, and the Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women. Tuition fees are extremely moderate. In 1919 there were 3,150 students, with 212 instructors. President, A. A. Hamer- schlag. CABNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, an educational institu- founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1902, with an endowment of $10,000,000, to which original sum the giver later on added $12,000,000. The articles of in- corporation state that "the objects of the corporation shall be to encourage in broadest and most liberal manner inves- tigation, research, and discovery, and the application of knowledge to the improve- ment of mankind." Provision is made for a dissemination of the results achieved, by the publication of brochures and bulletins from time to time. The institution is under the control of 24 trustees, who meet annually to study the progress of the work on hand and the initiation of such new projects as may seem to them desirable. In the intervals between meetings, the affairs of the in- stitution are carried on by an executive committee. Its publications have been widely disseminated among the libraries of the world. CARNELIAN, or CORNELIAN, a reddish variety of chalcedony, generally of a clear, bright tint; it is sometimes of a yellow or brown color and some- times white. It is largely used for en- graving seals. It is found principally at Cambay, in Gujerat, India, and Tampa Bay, Fla. CABNIOLA, a former province of the Austrian empire. It has an area of 3,856 square miles. It is bounded by Croatia on the E. and S., by Carinthia on the N., Styria on the N. E., and Istria and Gorz on the W. It is a mountainous region and not very productive ex- cept in certain districts, where wheat, barley, wine, flax, and fruits are produced in considerable quantities. Its mineral resources are rich, the mines yielding lead, quicksilver, and iron. There are also valuable quarries of mar- ble, and coal exists in paying quantities. The chief manufactures are iron, linen, lace, flannel, leather, worsted, and woolen cloth. The railway facilities are excellent, there being nearly three hun- dred miles of line in the province. Lai- bach is the capital and principal city (pop. about 40,000). Ninety-four per cent, of the people are of Slovene birth and the remaining six per cent, is made up of Germans, Serbs, Croats, and Italians. The prevailing faith is Roman Catholic. In the 12th century Carniola was a duchy of the Counts of Tyrol. It was allotted to France in the treaty of Vienna and became a part of the king- dom of Illyxia. By the terms of the Versailles treaty it was made a part of the new kingdom of Jugoslavia. Pop. about 530,000. CARNIVAL, the festival celebrated in Roman Catholic countries, and espe- cially at Rome and Naples, with great mirth and freedom during the week be- fore the beginning of Lent. In the United States carnivals are annually celebrated at various places. That at New Orleans, known as Mardi Gras, is especially spectacular, the festivities be- ing prolonged three days and attracting thousands of visitors. CARNIVORA, a principal division of the flesh-eating Mammalia. The name is given to those animals, including the feline, canine, and ursine families, which have their teeth peculiarly fitted for the mastication of animal matter. The clav- icles are rudimentary, or wanting. They are divided into two great groups, or sub-orders, one terrestrial, the other aquatic. The first is the group of the Fissipedia, or "split-feet," so called from the fact that their feet are divided into well-marked toes; the second is the group of Pinnipedia, or "fin-feet" (seals, etc.), so called because the toes are bound together by skin-forming fins or flappers rather than feet. Another classification is into three sections or tribes — (1) Pinnigrada, or Pinnipedia, examples, the Seals and Walruses; (2) Plantigrada, example, the Bear, and (3) Digitigrada, examples, the Cat and the Dog. CARNOT, LAZARE NICOLAS MAR- GUERITE, a French statesman, general, and strategist, born in Burgundy, May 13, 1753. In 1791 he was appointed deputy to the constituent assembly. In the following March he was sent to the Army of the North, where he took com- mand and successfully repulsed the en- emy. On his return he was made mem- ber of the Committee of Public Safety, and directed and organized the French armies with great ability and success. As a member of the Committee Carnot was formally responsible for the decrees of Robespierre, but being incessantly oc- cupied in his department knew really little of the atrocities to which the sanc- tion of his name was lent. In 1797 Car- not, having unsuccessfully opposed Bar-
