CAROLUS DURAN 861 CARPENTRY Rouk, Ponape (Ascension), and Kusari (Strong Island) ; these are all fertile and well watered, and many of the low- lying' lagoons, though less so, are well wooded and to some extent inhabited. The climate is moist, but not unhealthy, and is tempered by cooling breezes. The people belong to the brown Polynesian stock, are strongly built, and are gentle, amiable, and intelligent; they are bold sailors, and carry on a brisk trade with the Ladrones to the N. where they have several settlements. Besides the usual products of the Polynesian islands, copra has been largely exported. The islands were discovered in 1527 by the Portu- guese, and called Sequeira; in 1686 they were annexed and rechristened in honor of Charles II. by the Spaniards, who, however, shortly changed the name to New Philippines. After the failure of several missionary attempts in the 18th century, Spain took little active interest in the group, until August, 1885, when the German flag was hoisted on Yap. The sharp dispute which followed was submitted to the Pope as arbitrator, who decided in favor of Spain, but reserved to Germany special trade privileges. In 1887 disturbances broke out at Ponap^, in which the governor, who had arrested one of the American Protestant mission- aries, was killed by the natives; but the rising was shortly put down. In Febru- ary, 1899, Germany purchased from Spain the Caroline and Pelew islands, and all of the Ladrones excepting Guam, which had been ceded to the United States in the treaty of peace. The islands were captured by an Australian force on Sept. 14, 1914, and by the Treaty of Versailles are administered by Japan as mandatory. CAROLUS DURAN. See DURAN, Charles. CAROTID (kar-ofid), the name of an artery on each side of the neck. The common carotids are two considerable arteries that ascend on the fore part of the cervical vertebra to the head to sup- ply it with blood. The right common carotid is given off from the arteria in- nominata; the left arises from the arch of the aorta. CARP, a fresh-water fish, Cyprwus cyprio (Linn.), the type of the family Cyprinidse. It is a native of Asia, but has been extensively introduced into Eu- rope and the United States, especially in the latter, where it has been widely distributed by the Federal fish commis- sioners. It is often bred in ponds. CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS (Ger- man, Karpathen) , a range of mountains in southern Europe, mostly in former Austria-Hungary, forming a semicircular belt of nearly 800 miles in length. As a result of the peace treaty between the Entente powers and Austria-Hungary, they belong now chiefly to the republics of Czecho-Slovakia and Poland, forming part of the new frontiers of these two states. The most southern portion, lo- cated in Bukowina, belongs to Rumania. The Carpathian chain may be divided into two great sections — the West Car- pathians, to the N. W., and the East Carpathians, to the S. E,, with lower ranges stretching between. To the Western Carpathians belongs the re- markable group of the Tatra. The greatest height of the East Carpathians is Ruska-Poyana, 9,909 feet; of the West Carpathians, the Eisthalerspitze, 8,521 feet; many other peaks have an elevation of over 8,000 feet. The only important rivers which actually rise in the chain are the Vistula, the Dniester, and the Theiss. The Carpathian range is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, quick- silver, copper, and iron. Salt occurs in beds, which have sometimes a thickness of 600 or 700 feet. On the plateaux corn and fruit are grown to the height of 1,500 feet. Higher up the mountain steeps are covered with forests of pine. Numerous passes cross the range, and there is much remarkable scenery. Much of the most severe fighting during the World War between the Russian and Austro-German armies occurred in the Carpathian Mountains. See World War, CARPEL, a leaf forming the pistil. Several carpels may enter into the com- position of one pistil. CARPENTARIA, GULF OF, a large gulf on the N. coast of Australia, hav- ing Cape York Peninsula, the N. extrem- ity of Queensland, on the E., and Arn- hem Land on the W. CARPENTER, FRANCIS BICK- NELL, an American painter, born in Homer, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1830. He studied with Sanford Thayer at Syracuse, N. Y. (1844), and in 1852 became an associate of the National Academy. The best known of his works is the "Emancipation Proclamation" (1864), in the capitol at Washington. While executing the last- named painting he was closely associ- ated with President Lincoln, and his ob- servations during this period are em- bodied in his book entitled "Six Months in the White House with Abraham Lin- coln." He died in New York City, May 23, 1900. CARPENTRY, the art of combining pieces of timber to support a weight or sustain pressure. The work of the car- penter is intended to give stability to
