CEZANNE 410 CHADWICK jurisdiction of the government are 871, with an attendance of about 113,000. The Singhalese possess a native chroni- cle, the Mahawanso, which records the history of the island from 543 B. c. on- ward, under a long series of kings reign- ing most frequently at the ancient capi- tal Anuradhapura, the earliest of these being leader of an invading host from India. Buddhism was introduced 307 B. c. History. — The capital, Anuradhapura, as its ruins still testify, was a place of great extent and magrnificence. The is- land was not known to Europeans till the time of Alexander the Great, and their knowledge of it vi^as long vague and meager. By the time of Pliny it had become better known, and he gained much additional information from Cey- lonese envoys that were sent to Rome. In the Middle Ages the country was much troubled by invasions of the Mala- bars, and for a time it was even tribu- tary to China. It had greatly declined in prosperity when visited by Euro- peans, the first of whom was Marco Polo in the end of the 13th century. At its most flourishing period its popula- tion was probably 10 times as great as at present. Little, however, was known in Europe regarding the island until 1505, when the Portuguese established a regular intercourse with it, and latterly made themselves masters of it. When they arrived the Malabars were in pos- session of the N., the Moors or Arabs held all the seaports, the rest was under petty kings and chiefs. The Portuguese, who were cruel and oppressive rulers, were subsequently expelled by the Dutch in 1658, after a 20 years* struggle. The Dutch in turn were driven from the is- land by th5 British in 1796, though a part of the island remained independent
under native princes. The King of
Kandy, nominally the sovereign of the island, was deposed in 1815 on account of his cruelties, and the island was then finally annexed by Britain, though a re- bellion had to be put down in 1817. CEZANNE, PAUL, a French painter; born at Aix-en-Provence in 1839. He was wealthy, being the son of a banker. He came under the influence of the Im- pressionists and exhibited with them from 1874 to 1877; but the ridicule of • the public and differences that rose be- tween him and some leaders of the Im- pressionist school caused him to retire to Aix in 1879. where he spent the remain- der of his life. There he devoted him- self to a profound study of the old mas- ters, and sought to combine what was best in their methods and ideas with the excellences of the more modern school. In that effort he developed a remarkable style that brought him into eminence. His treatment of form and color has long led him to be regarded as one of the gfreatest of creative artists. Among his best known works are "L'Estaque," "The Card Players," "Still Life," and "The Bouquet." He died at Aix in 1906. CHABLAfs (sha-bla), a district of France, in Savoy, S. of the Lake of Ge- neva. In the 11th century Chablais passed from the possession of the House of Burgundy to that of Savoy, and was finally ceded to France with the rest of Savoy in 1860. CHAD. See Tchad. CHAD, ST. (CEADDA), born in Northumbria, became a pupil of St. Aidan, spent part of his youth in Ire- land, and in 666 became Bishop of York. Doubt having been cast on the validity of his consecration, he withdrew in 669, but was immediately made Bishop of Mercia, fixing the see at Lichfield. He died in 672, after a life eminent for hu- mility and sanctity. CHADD'S FORD, a town in Delaware CO., Pa.; on Brandywine creek; 30 miles S. W. of Philadelphia. The battle of Brar djrwine was fought here, Sept. 11, 1777. CHADWICK, FRENCH ENSOR, an American naval officer, born in Morgan- town, W. Va., Feb. 29, 1844. He gradu- ated at the United States Naval Acad- emy in 1866, and became a captain in 1897. During the war with Spain he commanded the armored cruiser "New York," the flagship of the North Atlan- tic Squadron, and was chief-of-staff to Admiral Sampson. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1903, retired in 1906, and died in 1919. CHADWICK, GEORGE WHITFIELD, an American musician, born in Lowell, Mass., Nov. 13, 1854. He was graduated at the Leipsic Conservatory, and in 1897 became director of the New England Conservatory of Music. He has won distinction as a composer with "Tabas- co," a comic opera; "Jubilee," a sym- phony; "Columbian Ode," a chorus, and with other compositions. He was a mem- ber of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. CHADWICK, JOHN WHITE, an American writer and Unitarian clergy- man, born in Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 19, 1840. His radical sermons attracted at- tention, and he was a liberal contributor to current literature. Amone: his works are: "A Book of Poems"; "The Bible of To-day"; "Origin and Destiny"; "A Dar-
