CHARLES THE BOLD 433 CHARLESTON his family. Chilperic II., King of the Franks, refusing to acknowledge Charles Martel as mayor of the palace, the lat- ter deposed him, and set Clothaire IV. in his place. After the death of Clothaire he restored Chilperic, and subsequently placed Thierri on the throne. Charles Martel rendered his rule famous by the great victory which he gained in Octo- ber, 732, over the Saracens, near Tours, from which he acquired the name of Martel, signifying hammer. He died in ^ 741. Charlemagne was his grandson. CHARLES THE BOLD, Duke of Bur- gundy, son of Philip the Good and Isa- bella of Portugal, was born at Dijon, Nov. 10, 1433. While his father yet lived Charles left Burgundy, and form- ing an alliance with some of the grreat French nobles for the purpose of pre- serving the power of the feudal nobil- ity, he marched on Paris with 20,000 men, defeated Louis XI. at Montlheri, ajid won the counties of Boulogne, Guines, and Ponthieu. Succeeding his father in 1467, he commenced his reign by severe repression of the citizens of Liege and Ghent. In 1468 he married Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV. of England. Liege having rebelled, the duke stormed and sacked the town. In 1470 the war with France was re- newed, and though the duke was forced to sue for a truce he soon took up arms anew, and, crossing the Somme, stormed and fired the city of Nesle. Louis mean- while involved him in greater embar- rassments by exciting against him Aus- tria and the Swiss. Charles, ever ready to take up a quarrel, threw himself on Germany with characteristic fury, and lost 10 months in a futile siege of Neuss. He was successful, however, in conquer- ing Lorraine from Duke Rene. Charles now turned his arms against the Swiss, took the city of Granson, putting 800 men to the sword. But this cruelty was speedily avenged by the descent of a Swiss army, which at the first shock routed the duke's forces at Granson, March 3, 1476. Mad with rage and shame Charles gathered another army, invaded Switzerland, and was again de- feated with great loss at Morat. The Swiss, led by the Duke of Lorraine, now undertook the reconquest of Lorraine, and obtained possession of the city of Nancy. Charles marched to recover it, but was utterly routed and himself slain, in 1477. CHARLES CITY, a city of Iowa, the county-seat of Floyd co. It is on the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Mil- waukee, and St. Paul railroads, and on Cedar river. Its industries, which are important, include the manufacture of store fixtures, gasoline traction and sta- tionary engines, wood furnishings, fur- niture, etc. It is an important shippftig point for live stock, dairy products, nursery stock, and poultry. The city has a public library, an opera house, a home for the aged, and parks, and is the seat of Charles City College. Pop. (1910) 5,892; (.1920) 7,350. CHARLESTON, a city of Illinois, the county-seat of Coles co. It is on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, and the Toledo, St. Louis, and Western railroads. The city is the cen- ter of an important oil, gas, and coal region, and there are manufactures of flour, brooms, stoves, and tiles. It is the seat of the Eastern Illinois Normal School, and has a court house, parks, and a Carnegie library. Pop. (1910) 5,884; (1920) 6,615. CHARLESTON, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of Charleston co., S. C. ; the first city in population and impor- tance in the State, situated at the con- fluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 7 miles from the ocean. Charleston has one of the safest and most commodious harbors in the United States, with a depth at the inner harbor of over 40 feet and 22 feet at low water on the bar. It is_ defended by Forts Sumter and Moultrie and Batteries Sergt. Jas- per and Capron. Two bridges connect the city with the W. shore of the Ashley river. Area, 5% square miles; pop. (1910) 58,833; (1920) 67,957. Topography. — The city is built on a peninsula at an average elevation of 8 to 10 feet above high water. The streets are generally at right angles, and four. King and Meeting streets, and Rutledge and Ashley avenues, run N. and S. the entire length of the city. The former is the principal retail street. At its S. extremity is a beautiful park, named White Point Garden, and to the E. of this is the Battery, a broad esplanade, 1,500 feet long, and affording a grand view of the harbor and forts. The pub- lic buildings are grouped about the in- tersection of Meeting and Broad streets, and consist of the court house, a substan- tial brick building; the City Hall, an im- posing structure, entered by a double flight of steps, and the new Postoffice, a magnificent four-story building of Caro- lina granite, with a tower and all modern appliances, costing about $500,000. The United States Custom house, near Mar- ket wharf on the Cooper river, is a mag- nificent building, having cost $3,000,000. In front of the City Hall is Washington Park, containing two handsome foun-
