CHUBUT 496 CHITBCH and commissioned to preach the Word of God to the people. He became so cele- brated for the eloquence of his preach- ing that the Emperor Arcadius deter- mined, in 397, to place him in the archi- Bpiscopal see of Constantinople. He now exerted himself so zealously in repressing heresy, paganism, and im- morality, and in enforcing the obligations of monarchism, that he raised up many enemies, and Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, aided and encouraged by the Empress Eudoxia, caused him to be de- posed at a synod held at Chalcedon. The emperor banished him from Constan- tinople, and Chrysostom purposed retir- ing to Bithynia; but the people threat- ened a revolt. In the following night an earthquake gave general alarm. In this dilemma Arcadius recalled his orders, and Eudoxia herself invited Chrysostom to return. The people accompanied him triumphantly to the city, his enemies fled, and peace was restored, but only for a short time. A feast given by the em- press on the consecration of a statue, and attended with many heathen cere- monies, roused the zeal of the archbishop, who publicly exclaimed against it; and Eudoxia, violently incensed, recalled the prelates devoted to her will, and Chrysos- tom was condemned and exiled to Armenia. Here he continued to exert his pious zeal until the emperor ordered him to be conveyed to a town on the most distant shore of the Black Sea. The officers who had him in charge obliged the old man to perform his journey on foot, and he died at Comana, in Pontus, 407. Here he was buried; but in 438 his body was conveyed solemnly to Con- stantinople, and there interred in the Church of the Apostles, in the sepulcher of the emperor. At a later period his remains were placed in the Vatican at Rome. The Greek Church celebrates his feast on Nov. 13, the Roman on Jan. 27. His works, which consist of sermons, com- mentaries, and treatises, abound with in- formation as to the manners and char- acteristics of his age. CHUBUT, or CHUPAT, a region in Patagonia, Argentina, so named from a river which drains a large part of its area. Its principal interest lies in its Welsh settlement, which has remained almost wholly Welsh-speaking. The first settlers, 151, arrived in July, 1865. Epochs in its history have been the aban- donment of the colony in 1867; the sub- sequent return from New Bay; a 20 months' nearly complete isolation from the outer world, ternjinated in 1871. The principal town is Trerawson, or Raw- sonville (pop. about 500), about 5 miles fi-om the sea. Petroleum has been found in the southern part. Area, about 93,000 square miles; pop., about 15,000. CHUCK-WILIi'S-WIDOW, a popular name for a bird of the goat-sucker fam- ily, Antrostomus carolinensis, so called from its cry. CHU-KIANG, or CANTON RIVER, the "Pearl river" of the Chinese, is the lower part of the Pekiang, and has a navigable channel of about 300 miles. Opposite Canton it is about V4 mile wide, and is crowded with shipping up to 1,000 tons' burden; larger vessels must tie up at Whampoa, 15 miles below. About 40 miles below Canton it is called "Boca Tigris." CHUNG-KING, a Chinese port in Sze- chuen, on the Yang-tze-Kiang, at the junction of the Pei river. It was de- clared open in 1890, and has become the trade center for west China. Pop. about 500,000. CHUQUISACA (cho-ke-sa'ka), or SUCRE, a city of South America, the former capital of Bolivia; well situated on a plateau between the Amazon and La Plata rivers, 9,343 feet above sea- level. It has a cathedral and a univer- sity and is the seat of an archbishop. It was founded by one of Pizarro's offi- cers in 1539. Pop. about 30,000. The province of Chuquisaca has an area of 36,132 square miles; pop. about 350,000. CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN, an American landscape-painter; born in Hartford, Conn., May 4, 1826; was a pu- pil of Thomas Cole. His earliest pro- ductions were views of the Catskill Mountains, among which he resided, and a view of East Rock, near New Haven, which attracted very favorable notice. In 1855 he visited South America, and found in the magnificent scenery of that country materials for several of his most admired pictures. After his return he executed his "View of Niagara Falls from the Canadian Shore," regarded by many as the most successful representa- tion of the great cataract. He died in New York City, April 7, 1900. CHURCH, FREDERICK STUART, an American artist; born in Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1842. He studied at the Na- tional Academy of Design, and in 1885 became a member thereof. He has achieved note as a painter of figures and animals. CHURCH, WILLIAM CONANT, an American journalist; born in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1836. He became fhe publisher of the New York "Sun" in 1860. He fought in the Civil War and, after having been wounded, reached the
