CUMBERLAND GAP 220 CUMMINS seven, by which 40,000 English soldiers were (fisarmed and disbanded, and Han- over placed at the mercy of the French. He then retired in disgrace from his public office, and took no active part in affairs. He died in 1765. CUMBEBLAND GAP, a passage through the Cumberland Mountains; on the line between Kentucky and Ten- nessee and at the W. extremity of Vir- ginia. It is a place about which clusters many a Civil War incident. It was occupied by Zollicoffer in his retreat Nov. 13, 1861. On March 22, 1862, a recon- noissance in force was made from Cum- berland Ford to this place. The Con- federate pickets were driven in, and firing began early in the morning, which continued all day, without any definite results. The Gap was occupied by the Union forces under General Morgan, June 18. Skirmishing was of almost daily occurrence. In an engagement Aug. 7, the Confederates lost in killed and wounded, 125 men; Union loss, 3 killed, 15 wounded, and 50 prisoners, large quantities of forage, tobacco, stores, horses and mules. General Mor- gan destroyed everything of value as war material, and evacuated the place Sept. 17, and, though surrounded by the enemy, he succeeded in saving his com- mand, which reached Greenupsburg on Oct. 3. The Gap was occupied by Gen- eral Bragg, Oct. 22. On Sept. 8, 1863, the place, with 2,000 men and 14 pieces of artillery, under the Confederate Gen- eral Frazer, surrendered, without firing a ^un, to General Shackelford; 40 wagons, 200 mules and a large quantity of commisary stores were captured. A three hours' skirmish occurred Jan. 29, 1864, on the Virg-inia road, 13 miles dis- tant. Colonel Love, with 1,600 cavalry, 400 only of whom were mounted, with no artillery, held his position till dark and then fell back three miles to camp. On April 28, 1865, 900 Confederates sur- rendered, and were paroled here. CUMBERLAND ISLAND, a peninsula (so-called), of Baffin Land, extending into Davis Strait. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, in Tennessee, part of a range of the Ap- palachian system, rarely exceeding 2,000 feet in height. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIANS, a religious denomination which sprang up in 1810 in the State of Kentucky, in consequence of a dispute between the presbytery of Cumberland in that State, and the Kentucky Synod of the Presby- terian Church in America, concerning the ordination of persons who had not passed through the usual educational curriculum, but whose serv'ies the pres- bytery regarded as demanded for the ministry by the exigencies of the time. In 1916 the church had 1,317 organiza- tions with 72,056 members; 969 Sunday Schools with 6,618 teachers, and 53,431 pupils. Their form of government is Presbyterian, though they have added a system of itinerating like the Methodists. In doctrine they approach Arminianism, denying unconditional election and pre- destination, and they believe in the uni- versality of the atonement. CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY, a co- educational institution in Lebanon, Tenn.; organized in 1842, under the auspices of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church ; re- ported at the end of 1919 : Professors and instructors, 21; students, 225; number of graduates, 4,386; president, Andrew B^ Buchanan. CUMBRIA, an ancient British princi- pality, comprising, besides part of Cum- berland, the Scotch districts Galloway, Kyle, Carrick, Cunningham, and Strath- clyde, its capital being Alcluyd or Dum- barton. It was possibly at one time the chief seat of the power of Arthur, and in the 6th century was an important and powerful kingdom. It speedily, however, fell under Saxon domination, and early in the 11th century was given by Edmund of Wessex to Malcolm of Scotland to be held as a fief of the crown of Eng- land. The name still survives in Cum- berland. CUMBRIAN MOUNTAINS, a range of hills, England, occupying part of the counties of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and North Lancashire. The mountains rise with steep acclivities, inclosing in some part narrow but well-cultivated val- leys with numerous picturesque lakes; this being the English "Lake Country," so much frequented by tourists. CUMMINS, ALBERT BAIRD, an American public official; born in 1850 in Pennsylvania. He was educated at Waynesburg College and from 1875 to 1878 practiced law in Chicago. Some years later he moved to Des Moines, la., and in 1902 was elected Governor of the State. On the death of Senator Allison, Governor Cummins was selected to fill out the unexpired term and in 1909 was elected to the Senate for the term 1909- 1915. Re-elected in the latter year, he was again nominated and elected by the Republicans of his State for the term 1921-1927. Senator Cummins was much in sympathy with the principles of the Progressive party of 1912, and while he did not withdraw from the Republican party in that year as did many of his fellow-progressives, he withheld his sup-
