HYMEN 100 HYPATIA HYMEN, the Greek god of marriage, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or, ac- cording to another version, of Apollo and one of the Muses. The people of Athens instituted festivals in his honor, and solemnly invoked him at their nup- tials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was represented as crowned with flowers, holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a wreath. In anatomy, the name denotes the semi- lunar, parabolic, or circular membrane situated at the outer orifice of the va- gina in virgins. PAUL HYMANS HYMENOPTERA (hi-men-op'ter-a) , an order of insects, containing about 25,000 species, and now usually acknowl- edged to stand at the head of the class of insects, and of which many, as ants and bees, are singularly interesting and important. HYMETTUS, a mountain in Attica, Greece; now called Trelo Vouni, to the S. E. of Athens; was famous among the ancients for its honey and its bluish marble. The honey is still in repute. HYMN, a sacred composition in poetry intended to be sung with or without the aid of a musical instrument, and not being versified from the book of Psalms, else it is called a Psalm, or directly from any other part of Scripture, or else it is a paraphrase. Hilary, Bishop of Aries, is said to have composed the first hymn for Christian worship about A. D. 431, but as early as the time of Pliny the Younger the Christians are said to have habitually sung one to Christ as God. On Dec. 9, 633, the Coun- cil of Toledo sanctioned the use of hymns in churches. Luther did much to popu- larize hymnody in the infant Protestant Church in Germany. Of the hymns now in use many were composed by Isaac Watts, Charles Wesley, John Wesley, Cowper, John Newton, James Montgom- ery, John Henry Newman, Frederick William Faber, and Frances Ridley Havergal. Prominent among Americans who have written hymns are Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, Phcebe Gary, P. P. Bliss, Ira D. Sankey, Julia Ward Howe, who wrote "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," Samuel Francis Smith, author of the na- tional hymn "America," Timothy Dwight, Ray Palmer, who wrote "My Faith Looks up to Thee," Joseph Henry Gilmore, etc. HYMNOLOGY (-nol'6-ji), a collection of hymns; hymns collectively; the hymns used by any particular Church or body. HYNDMAN, HENRY MAYERS, an English socialist author; born in 1842. One of the founders of the Social Demo- cratic Federation in 1881. Among his works which deal chiefly with socialism are: "The Indian Famine and the Crisis in India"; "Text-Book of Democracy"; "The Historical Basis of Socialism in England." He was co-author with William Morris of "A Summary of the Principles of Socialism"; "Economics of Socialism" (1896), and wrote "Future of Democracy" (1915). He also pub- lished his volumes of autobiography, "Records of an Adventurous Life" (1911) and "Further Records" (1912). HYOID BONE, or HYOID ARCH, in anatomy, the second arch developed from the cranium, giving support to the tongue and attachment to numerous muscles of the neck. HYPATIA (hi-pa'she-a) , an Alexan- drian teacher and heroine; born in Alex- andria between 370-880. She was the daughter of Theon, an eminent mathe- matician of Alexandria, whom she suc- ceeded in the government of that school. Orestes, the governor of Alexandria, had a high respect for Hypatia, and fre- quently consulted her on matters of im- portance. Between the governor and the patriarch Cyril there was bitter enmity, which broke out into open war, and the monks siding with their chief.
