INDIA 139 INDIA RUBBER however, all the fierce tribes were con- quered, although at great cost of men and money. The most important cam- paigns carried on during these years were the First Burmese War, from 1823 to 1828 ; the Afghan War, which resulted in British disasters, in 1842; the con- quest of Sind by Sir Charles Napier, from 1842 to 1844; the first Sikh, in 1845-6; and the Second Burmese War, from 1849 to 1852. By 1856 India was apparently conquered, and was compara- tively contented with British rule. In that year, however, dissatisfaction arose and became widespread. This was chiefly due to the introduction of modern European improvements and by the an- nexation policy adopted by the British Government. There had been a failure on the part of English officers to respect the religious feelings of their Indian sub- jects. This aroused the religious preju- dices of the natives, especially the Hin- dus. Dissatisfaction broke out on May 10, 1857, and is known as the Sepoy Mutiny, from the fact that a large part of Sepoy troops were among the muti- neers. Their insurrection rapidly spread until practically all the British residents in India were in danger. The principal events of the struggle were the siege of Lucknow, which is one of the most fa- mous sieges of history, and the siege of Cawnpore. Following the suppression of the mutiny, the government of India was transferred to the British Crown in 1858. From that time no serious out- break has occurred, although small wars have occurred yearly. Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India, in 1877. Burma was formally annexed by the English on Jan. 1, 1886. Lord Curzon of Kedleston became Niceroy in 1898. He devoted himself with great energy to combat plague and famine, from which the country was then suffering. Tibet was opened to British trade as a result of the exposition of 1903. Ben- gal was partitioned in 1905, and this re- sulted in much bitterness of feeling among the natives. Lord Curzon re- signed in 1905, chiefly as a result of the controversy with Lord Kitchener over the conduct of military aff'airs. The Earl of Minto was appointed as suc- cessor. During his administration there was much discontent, caused chiefly by the wide and swift spread of radical theories among the natives, and a very definite desire for Home Rule. This feeling was stimulated by the victory of Japan over Russia. The government took strong measures to suppress the ag- itation and at the same time introduced wany reforms. In 1910 Lord Hardinge became viceroy. King George, accom- panied by Queen Mary, visited India in 1911 and was enthusiastically received. In spite of its internal disturbances, at the outbreak of the World War in 1914 the country at large showed great loy- alty to the British Crown. Many of the Indian princes volunteered for service. Indian troops were sent to France and other battlefields, where they greatly dis- tinguished themselves by their courage and endurance. Dui-ing the progress of the war, there was continued unrest throughout India and martial law was declared in some parts of the Empire. Much of the trouble was due to propa- ganda caused by the Mohammedan agita- tions and by Hindu priests. Lord Hard- inge was succeeded in 1916 by Baron Chelmsford, formerly governor of Queensland. During the early part of April, 1919, serious disturbances oc- curred in India. These were scattered over a wide area, and were largely due to legislation enacted for the purpose of suppressing sedition. During 1919 meas- ures were considered in the British Par- liament for changes in the Government of India. Lord Chelmsford was succeeded by Earl Reading as Governor-General in 1921. The Catholic missions now confine their attention to their Christian con- verts. The earliest Protestant mission- aries in India came from Holland and Denmark. England's first missionary effort was put forward by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the Christian Knowledge Society, which commenced in the beginning of the 18th century by aiding the Danish mission al- ready established in South India. The entire number of Indian Protestants in India is about 500,000. Governors-General. — The following is a list of the governors-general of India, with the dates of their appointments. Warren Hastings, 1772. Sir J. McPherson, 1785. Earl (Jfarquis) Corn- wallis, 1786. Lord Teignmouth (Sir J. Shore), 1793. Earl of Mornington ( Marquis Wellesley ) , 1798. II a r q u i s Comwallis, 1805. Sir G. Barlow, 1805. Earl of Minto, 1807. Earl Moira (Marquis of Hastings). 1813. Earl Amherst, 1823. Lord V. Bentinck, 1828. Lord Auckland, 1835. Lord Ellenborough, 1842. Sir H. (Lord) Hard- ing, 1844. Earl D.ilhousie, 1847. Lord Canning, 1855. Lord Elgin, 1862. Sir John Lawrence, 1863. Earl of Mayo, 1868. Lord Xorthbrook. 1872. Lord Lytton, 1876. Marquis of Ripon, 1880. Earl Duflferin and Ava, 1884. Marquis of Land?- downe, 1888. Lord Elgin, 1893. rx)rd Curzon, 1898. Earl of Minto, 1905. Lord H.-irdinge. 1910. (-ord Chelmsford. 1916. Earl Reading, 1921. INDIA RUBBER. See Rubber.
