HERTLING HERZEGOVINA HERTLING, GEORG COUNT VON, German Chancellor from October, 1917, to September, 1918. Born at Darmstadt in 1843 and died in 1919. After study- ing at Mvinster, Munich, and Berlin, he became in 1882 professor of philosophy at Bonn University. He was the au- thor of several works dealing with phi- losophy such as: "Matter and Form and Aristotle's Definition of the Soul"; "John Locke and the Cambridge School"; "The Principles of Catholicism and Science"; etc. He served in the Reichstag from 1875 to 1890 and again from 1896 to 1898. In 1912 he was made Bavarian Minister of Foreign Af- fairs and Prime Minister, a position he held until his appointment as Imperial Chancellor. In both of these offices he upheld the war policies of Germany and as Chancellor proved to be under the powerful influence of the General Staff of the Army. He did, however, attempt while Chancellor to bring about a re- form in the methods of electing the Prussian Landtag which was intended to make that body more representative of the will of the people. These meas- ures, however, were never enacted into law. His foreign policy was equally un- successful, though not similarly liberal. He refused to give any guarantee that Belgium would be evacuated by the Germans, nor did he attempt in any way to stop the excesses of the Imperial army and navy. While he was in of- fice the Brest-Litovsk peace with Russia was negotiated, which clearly showed him to be in sympathy with the war aims of the Prussian Junkers. The defeats of the German army in France and Bel- gium in August and September, 1918, mai'ked the defeat also of his policy and brought about his resignation. HERTZ, JOSEPH HERMAN, chief rabbi of the United Hebrew congrega- tions of the British Empire since 1913. He was born at Rebrin, Hungary, in 1872, and emigrated as child to New York, where he was educated. Rabbi at Syracuse, N. Y., till 1898, and at Johannesburg from 1898 till 1911. He was administrator of the Johannesburg Public Library, founder of the Jewish Board of Deputies for the Transvaal, and professor of philosophy at the Transvaal University College. He was rabbi of the Congregation Arach Chayim, New York, in 1912. His works include: "Ethical System of James Martineau"; "Bachya, Jewish Thomas a Kempis"; "The Jew in South Africa"; "Book of Jewish Thoughts," etc. HERVE, GUSTAVE, a French So- cialist, born near Brest in 1871. He was for many years professor of history at Sens, but the publication of anti- militarist articles in 1901 brought about his dismissal. He was imprisoned in 1905 and several times thereafter for opposing compulsory military service. Public opinion, however, brought about his release. He published a paper called "La Guerre Sociale" in which he voiced his anti-national views. He encouraged strikes among workmen and upheld sa- botage; also wrote several books at- tacking organized government; and was probably the most radical and out- spoken of French Socialists. However, when France was drawn into the war in 1914, he heartily supported the Gov- ernment. HERVEY, JAMES, an English au- thor; born in Hardingstone, near North- ampton, England, Feb. 26, 1714. He was educated at Oxford, and then took orders. The best of his works were "Meditations and Contemplations" (1746), including his most famous pro- duction, "Meditations among the Tombs." He died Dec. 25, 1758. HERVEY, WALTER LOWRIE, an American educator born at Mount Ver- non, O., in 1862. He graduated from Princeton University in 1886. For sev- eral years he taught Latin and Greek in secondary schools and became professor of history and institutes of education at Teachers College, New York, and was dean of the faculty of this institution from 1889 to 1891. In 1891 and 1892 he was acting president and president from 1892 to 1897. He filled several responsible positions in the educational system of New York, and wrote much on educational subjects, including "Pic- ture Work" (1896) ; "Daily Lesson Plans" (1912); and "Introductory Second Reader" (1914). HERVEY ARCHIPELAGO. See Cook Islands. HERZEGOVINA (hert-se-go-ve'-na), or HERSEK (her'sek), a former prov- ince of the Ottoman Empire, nominally forming (with the exception of Castel- nuova, and some adjoining districts) a part of the eyalet or pashalic of Bosnia; bounded N. by Bosnia, S. by Montenegro, E. by Bosnia, and W, by Dalmatia; area 3,616 square miles; pop. about 300.000. Capital, Mostar; pop. about 20,000. Its political and ethnographical characters coincide with those of Bosnia, though it differs in physical character. Herze- govina was occupied in 1878 under the Berlin treaty, and the government was administered by Austria-Hungary until October, 1908, when the dual monarchy
