ITALY 214 ITALY their dominion of the sea by a victory over the Venetians at Curzola (1298). Up till the time of the Napoleonic wars Italy remained subject to foreign domination, or split up into separate republics and principalities. During the career of Napoleon numerous changes took place in the map of Italy, and according to an act of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the country was par- celled out among the following states: ence had long existed in the hearts of the Italian people, and the governments at Naples, Rome, Lombardy, and other centers of tyranny were in continual conflict with secret political societies. The leading spirit in these agitations in the second quarter of the 19th century was Giuseppe Mazzini, who in the end contributed much to the liberation of his country. The French Revolution of 1848 brought a crisis. The population of M3V»/7//i-|77;X RIALTO AND GRAND CANAL, VENICE (1) The Kingdom of Sardinia, consisting of the island of Sardinia, Savoy, and Piedmont, to which the Genoese territory was now added. (2) Austria, which re- ceived the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia, these having already been ac- quired by her either before or during the time of Napoleon. (3) The Duchy of Modena. (4) The Duchy of Parma. (5) The Grand-duchy of Tuscany. (6) The Duchy of Lucca. (7) The States of the Church. (8) The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. (9) The Republic of San Marino. (10) The Principality of Mon- aco. The desire for union and independ- Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, and Modena took up arms and drove the Austrian troops in retreat to Verona. Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, then declared war against Austria, and was at first successful, but his forces were severely defeated at Novara (March, 1849), when Charles Albert abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel. Meanwhile the Pope had been driven from Rome, and a Roman republic had been established under Mazzini and Garibaldi, the leader of the volunteer bands of Italian pa- triots. Rome was, however, captured by the French, who came to the aid of the
