JOE MILLER 262 JOHN C); or in that of Manasseh (699-644 B. c). If there is a reference in Joel iii: 2 to the captivity of the 10 tribes, and in verse 1 to that of the two, this would indicate a late date, as the men- tion of the Grecians in verse 6 perhaps may do. The canonical authority of Joel has never been seriously disputed. JOE MILLER (from Joseph Miller, 1684-1738, a witty actor, who was a fa- vorite about the time Congreve's plays were fashionable), ? stale jest. The compilation, "Joe Miller's Jests," pub- lished a year after the death of the sup- posed author, was the work of John Mottley (1692-1750), but the term has been used to pass off, not only the orig- inal stock, but thousands of jokes manu- factured long after Miller was buried in the churchyard of St. Clement Danes. Also a jest book, especially one in which the jokes are old, and the wit the re- verse of sparkling. JOFERE, MARSHAL JOSEPH JACQUES CESAIRE, a French marshal. He was born ot Rivesaltes, Pyrenees, in 1852, and was educated at the College MARSHAL JOFFRE of Perpignan, and the Ecole Polytechnic. In 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War he entered the army as 2nd lieu- tenant, becoming lieutenant in 1872, cap- tain in 1876, and major in 1889. In intervals he returned to the military col- lege to study engineering and strategy, and in 1874 assisted in organizing the defenses of Pontarlier. He also took part in the French colonial wars and commanded part of the forces under Courbet in Tongking, and in 1891 helped to establish French authority among the revolting Dahomans. In 1894 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in 1897 colonel, having been active in Africa as well as Madagascar. He was made brigadier in 1901 and general of division in 1905. In 1911 he was made chief of the general staff, and was at the head of the French army when the World War broke out in 1914. When the Ger- man drive into France took place in August and September of 1914, he kept the French forces in reserve and fell back toward Paris and the Marne, avoiding a decisive battle until the French army could be concentrated upon an advan- tageous line. By these tactics he was enabled early in September to attack the Germans in the valley of the Marne, and so checked the German invasion. He continued as commander in chief of the French armies till 1917, in which year he gave place to Marshall Foch. He is a distinguished mathematician, besides being known as a strict disciplinarian. He wrote one book, "My March to Tira- buctoo." The military medal together with numerous other honors were con- ferred on him by the President of the French Republic for his great services in the war. JOHANNESBURG, a town in the Transvaal, recognized as the central point of the gold fields of the district stretching S. W. from Pretoria to Pot- chefstrom, and known as the Witwaters- rand. The streets and squares of the town are well laid out, and the buildings solid and substantial. Climate agree- able and healthful; winter nearly rain- less, dust storms then prevailing. Founded in September, 1886, on a deso- late plateau at the height of 5,600 feet above sea-level, it has grown with re- markable rapidity. Pop. (1918), 137,166 white, and some 120,000 colored. JOHANNISBERG, a village of Prus- sia, overlooking the Rhine. It has a hydropathic establishment and manu- factories of pianos and printing presses, but is noteworthy chiefly for its castle (1722-1732), the property of the Met- ternich family, and the famous vineyards (38 acres) on the castle hill, producing the choice Johannisberger white wine. JOHN, the name of four men men« tioned in the New Testament.
