JOHN 264 JOHN to 140, and another one, Keim (1875) as skilled in medicine and wrote medical 130 A. D. works. T/^Tr•^T u 1,00 r» .. „ri,^ JoHN XXIII. (Balthasar Cossa), a ?^ I^-' ^.^^^¥'f^ ^•" ^^A^^ ^^^ Neapolitan who was legate at Bologna, reigned in the following order: and chamberlain to Boniface IX., and John I 523-526 John XIV ... 983-984 succeeded Alexander V., 1410. To pacify Jo|^° ]^ r^^~^?Q -^"^^ y^Tt ■■■ ^ 985-996 factions he promised to resign the tiara John 111 . . . .560-573 or AVI . . > -j. /^ vtt j -o i j t John IV 640-642 John XVI (anti- if Gregory XII. and Peter de Lune, or John V 685-686 pope) 997 Benedict XIII., would also abandon their ro^^VuWr.l'otl'ol foSnXvnii6o3lfoo9 pretensions Though these conditions John VIII ...872-882 .John XIX .1024-1033 Were accepted and ratified m the council John IX 898-900 John XX . .1042-1046 of Constance, he reassumed the office and John X 914-928 John XXI .1276-1277 insignia of sovereign pontiff; but he was John xn-.-.-.-.-'lelgi! John xxnii4lo:i4i5 soon after deposed and imprisoned. In John XIII • . .965-972 1418, he was restored to liberty, and com- The following only have historical im- Pe"ed to acknowledge the election of portance: Martm V. He died 1419. John I. was a native of Tuscany, and TnxT-Nr VTVxa nv -p-NrriT a-m-h. v « ascended the papal chair on the death of . °^^% ? ,,?.°^ ENGLAND; born Hormisdas in 523. Theodoric, King of ^^ Oxford in 1166, was the youngest son the Goths, a violent Arian, threw him ?^ ^enry 11. by Eleanor of Guienne. into prison at Ravenna, where he died Ireland being intended for him, he was in 526. The Roman Catholic Church sent over, in 1185, to complete its con- honors him as a martyr. quest, but such was his imprudence that John VIII., a Roman* was elected to i* was found necessary to recall him; and the pontificate on the death of Adrian II,, ^H J"^ death of his father he was left in 872. He crowned the Emperor without any provision, which procured Charles the Bald in 875, and three years for him the name of Sans Terre, or after went to France, where he held a Lackland. His brother Richard, on corn- council at Troyes. In his time Italy ing to the throne, conferred on him the was ravaged by the Saracens, who Earldom of Mortaigne, in Normandy, and obliged the Pope to pay tribute. He died various large possessions in England, in 882. ^'^d married him to the rich heiress of John XI. was made Pope at the age of the Duke oi Gloucester. Notwithstand- 25, in 931, through the influence of his ing this kindness, he had the ingratitude mother, Marozia, wife of Guy, Duke of ^o form^ intrigues against Richard, m Tuscany; but his brother Alberico after- conjunction with the King of France, ward threw both him and her into the during his absence m Palestine; but castle of St. Angelo, where John died Richard magnanimously^ pardoned him, in 936. ^^" st his death left him his kingdom John XII., the son of Alberico, and in preference to Arthur of Brittany, the originally called Octavian; born 938. son of his elder brother, Geoffrey. Some He was elected Pope in 956. At that of the French provinces, however, re- time Berenger tyrannized over Italy, and volted in favor of Arthur ; but John ulti- the Pope implored the assistance of the mately recovered them, and his nephew Emperor Otho I., who delivered the coun- was captured, and confined in the castle try. John crowned Otho at Rome, and of Falaise, whence he was subsequently promised him fidelity, but united with removed to Rouen, and never heard of the son of Berenger against his deliverer, more. Being suspected of the murder of Otho returned to Rome in 963, and called Arthur, the states of Brittany summoned a council, in which the Pope was accused John to answer the charge before his of sacrilege and other crimes, which be- liege lord. King Philip; and upon his ing proved, he was deposed. On the de- refusal to appear, the latter assumed the parture of the emperor, John entered execution of the sentence of forfeiture Rome and exercised dreadful cruelties against him; and thus, after its aliena- on his enemies. He died in 964. tion from the French crown for three John XXII (James d'Euse), a native centuries, the whole of Normandy was of Cahors, who by the patronage of recovered. A quarrel with the Pope In- Charles II. of Naples, to whose son he nocent III., who had nominated Stephen was preceptor, rose to high ecclesiastical Langton to the see of Canterbury, added •dignities, and in 1316 was elected Pope, to the perplexity of the king, whom the His pontificate was disturbed by various Pope excommunicated, and whose sub- quarrels, especially with the Cordeliers, jects he formally absolved from their whose order he intended to suppress, allegiance. At length John was induced He died 1334, respected for his frugality, not only to receive Langton as Arch- prudence, and sanctity. He was well bishop of Canterbury, but to resign his
