JOURNEY WEIGHT 288 JUAN FERNANDEZ pers employing as many as from 5 to 10 craft of various kinds. Some of these followed closely the fleets at Manila and Santiago, and were under fire during the hottest of the battle. During the World War (1914-1918) American newspapers surpassed all others in the world in pub- lishing the most complete and reliable story of the conflict. At the front, and back of the lines American newspaper correspondents served their journals with the earliest and most important news. Their achievements, and the prodigal ex- penditure of the American newspaper proprietors for cables marked an era in journalistic history. JOURNEY WEIGHT, a term applied at the English mint to the weight of certain parcels of coin, which were prob- ably considered formerly as a day's work. The journey weight of gold is 15 troy pounds, which is coined into 701 sover- eigns, or 1,402 half-sovereigns. A journey weight of silver weighs 60 pounds troy, and is coined into 792 crowns, or 1,584 half-crowns, or 3,960 shillings, or 7,920 sixpences. JOUST, a tilting match, a mock com- bat or conflict of peace between knights in the Middle Ages, as a trial of valor. The combatants used blunted spears, but were still subject to much danger from sudden blows on horseback. A joust dif- fered from a tournament in that the lat- ter was a conflict between many knights, divided into parties, and engaged at the same time ; the joust was a separate trial of skill, where only one man was opposed to another. JOUX (zho), a lake of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near the Jura and the French frontier, and 18 miles N. W. of Lausanne; length, 7 miles; breadth, 1 mile. It is overlooked by Mont Tendre, which, on the S. E. attains an elevation of 5,730 feet above the level of the sea. JOUX, CHATEAU DE (sha-t5' duh), a fortress in the Jura Mountains, France, department of Doubs, commanding the route to Neufchatel, 16 miles N. of the lake. It was successively the prison of Fouquet, Mirabeau, Toussaint I'Ouver- ture, and General Dupont. JOVE, another name for Jupiter (g.v.). JOVIAN (j6'vi-an), or JOVIANUS (-a'-nus), ELAVIUS CLAUDIUS, a Roman emperor; born about 332. He was elected by the soldiers, A. D. 363, after the death of Julian, whom he had accompanied in his campaign against the Persians. In order to effect his retreat in safety, Jovian surrendered to the Per- sians the Roman conquests beyond the Tigris. He was a Christian, but he pro- tected the heathens. After a reign of but little more than seven months, he died in Dadastana, Bithynia, Feb. 17, 364. JOWETT, BENJAMIN, an English scholar; born in Camberwell, London, England, in 1817. He studied at Oxford, was elected to a fellowship in 1838, and became Regius Professor of Greek in 1855. In 1855 he published a commen- tary on the Epistles of St. Paul. In 1860 appeared his essay on the "Interpreta- tion of Scripture" in the celebrated "Es- says and Reviews," for which he was tried on a charge of heresy before the chancellor's court, but was acquitted. In 1870 he became master of Balliol, and in 1871 published his most important work, a translation of the "Dialogues" of Plato. He published translations of Thucydides (1881) and the "Politics" of Aristotle (1885). In 1882 he was elected vice- chancellor of the university. He died Oct. 1, 1893. JUAN II., DON (Hd-dn), a natural son of Philip IV. of Spain, and of Maria Calderona, an actress; born in 1629; made grand prior of Castile; commanded the Spanish army in Italy in 1647, and took the city of Naples; subjugated Bar- celona in 1652, but, being afterward un- successful, was exiled. Under Charles II. he was recalled to Madrid, made prime minister, and died in 1679. JUAN DE FUCA (da foTca), or FUCA, STRAIT OF, the strait between Vancouver Island and the State of Wash- ington on the W. coast of North America. JUAN FERNANDEZ (fer-nan'deth), called also Mas-a-tierra ("nearer the mainland"), a rocky island in the Pacific Ocean, 420 miles W. of Valparaiso, Chile, to which it belongs. It is 13 miles long and four broad, and is for the most part a series of rocky peaks of volcanic origin, the highest of which, Yunque, is 3,000 feet above sea-level. The trees are most- ly ferns. The sandal-wood trees are nearly all exterminated. Horses, pigS: and goats run wild. The island was dis- covered by the Spaniard whose name it bears in 1563, and was frequently visited by buccaneers down to its occupation by the Spaniards in 1750. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buccaneer, a native of the Scotch fishing village of Largs, lived in solitude, 1704-1709. His story is sup- posed to have suggested the "Robinson Crusoe" of Defoe. When Spain lost her South American colonies Juan Fernan- dez fell to Chile, which used it as a penal settlement, 1819-1835. It is usually in-
