JULIAN 292 JUMPING DEER JULIAN, CARDINAL; born in 1398; -w^s deputed by Pope Eugene IV. to counsel Ladislaus, King of Hungary, to break the peace concluded with Amurath II. A long and disastrous war was the result, during which the Christian army was defeated at Varna, in 1444. He pre- sided at the council of Basle. JULIAN EPOCH, the epoch or com- mencement of the Julian calendar. The first Julian year began with Jan. 1, 46 B. c, and the 768th from the year as- signed to the foundation of Rome. JULIAN PERIOD, a period of 7,980 years, produced by multiplying 19 (the lunar cycle) by 28 (the solar cycle), and 15 (the Roman indiction). It began 4,713 years before the Christian era. JULICH (yu'li/i), a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Roer, 20 miles N. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle, the Juliacum of the Ro- mans. Till its fortifications were razed in 1860 it ranked as a fortress of the second class. From the 12th century Jtilich was the capital of an independent countship, created a duchy in 1356. In 1801 the duchy was annexed to France, in 1814 to Prussia. Pop. about 7,500. JULIUS I., Pope, succeeded to the papal see on the death of Mark in 337, and is celebrated for the part he took in the Athanasian Controversy. He died in 352. JULIUS II. (GIULIANO BELLA ROVERE), Pope; born in Albezuola, in 1443. He was nephew of Pope Sixtus IX., bishop successively of several sees, last of Avignon, and in 1471 became cardinal. He had been exiled by Alexander VI., but had influence to procure the election of Pius III., in September, 1503, and on his death, a month later, succeeded him. He recovered part of the Romagna from Cpsare Borgia, Bologna from the Benti- vogiio, and Perugia from the Baglioni. Against the Venetians, who held part of the Romagna, he concluded, in 1508, the iniquitous League of Cambray, with the emperor, Louis XII. of France, and the King of Aragon. After much fighting the Venetians submitted, and he made peace with them in 1510. He then made war on the French, to drive them out of Italy; conducted in person the siege of La Mirandola, and took it in 1511; saw his army defeated at Bologna, and the city again in the hands of the French, and was compelled to retire to Rome. A council being convoked at Pisa by the King of France, Julius convoked another at Rome;^ excommunicated Louis XII., and put his kingdom under an interdict in 1512; and died early in the following year. He was a friend of the rising lit- erature of the time. The rebuilding of St. Peter's at Rome was commenced by Julius II. after the design of Bramante; and Michael Angelo and Raphael were among the great artists who found in him a patron. He died Feb. 21, 1513. JULIUS III., previously known as Cardinal del Monte, was chamberlain to Julius II., whose name he consequently assumed. Died in 1555. JULLUNDER, a city of the Punjab, India; in the Doab or rich alluvial plain of the same name between the Sutlej and the Beas. Jullunder is a very ancient city, founded before Alexander's invasion of India, and is referred to in the "Mahabharata." Pop. about 75,000. JULY, the name of the 7th month of the year. It formed the 5th month of the old Roman year, and was called Quin- tilis by the Romans; but shortly after the calendar had been rearranged by Julius Ceesar, the name Julius was given to this month by Mark Antony, in honor of Cassar, whose birthday fell in it. It contains 31 days. JUMBOSEER (-ser'), a town of Hindustan, province of Gujerat, presi- dency of Bombay, on a river of sane name, 35 miles N. W. of Baroda. It carries on a considerable trade with Bombay, to which it sends cotton, grain, oil, and cloth. Pop. about 12,000. JUMET (zhu-ma'), a town of Bel- gium, province of Hainault, three miles N. of Charleroi; has glass-works, distil- leries, and extensive coal mines; pop. about 30,000. JUMNA ( jum'-) , a river of Hindu- stan, which rises in the Himalayas, in the native state of Garhwal, near Jam- notri, at the height of 10,849 feet. It flows in its upper course in a generally S. W. direction, then bends to the S. E., and passing the cities of Delhi and Agra falls into the Ganges at Allahabad, after a course -of 860 miles. Some trade is •carried on by means of clumsy barks. Two important irrigation works — the Jumna Eastern and the Jumna Western Canals, derive their supply of water from this river. JUMPERS, a class of religious fa- natics, so named from their practice of jumping during the time allotted for divine service. They arose in Wales in 1760. JUMPING DEER, Cervus lewisii, a kind of deer found W. of the Mississippi; called also the black-tailed deer.
