HINBENBUBG LINE 20 HINKSON been the General's special study. He had scarcely been in command ten days when he inflicted a serious defeat upon the Russians at the battle of Tannen- berg on Aug. 31, 1914, which caused them to evacuate all the German terri- tory they had won. The following February by his quick concentrations and clever use of railroad facilities he won the decisive victory of the Mazurian Lalces which compelled the Russians to abandon the offensive in this section. Later in the year Hindenburg played a large part in the victorious movements of the German armies which compelled the Russians to yield Galicia, Poland, Courland, and Esthonia to their rivals. Following the failure of the German Staff before Verdun, the Kaiser sum- '4^7fn^ FIELD-MARSHAL VON HINDENBURG moned Hindenburg to the chief com- mand of all the German armies. He celebrated his accession to supreme com- mand by planning the campaign against Rumania by which that country was completely occupied in less than four months after it had declared war. For a time during 1917 and 1918 he was no less successful in his operations against the Allies in the West, but the large re-enforcements of the Americans and the gradually decreasing morale of his own troops brought eventual defeat and revolution. Unlike many of his asso- ciates he did not go into exile but re- mained at his post until after the armis- tice was signed and the retirement of the German army behind the Rhine. HINDENBURG LINE. See WORLD War. HINDI (hin'de), the language spoken in the valley of the Ganges and its tribu- taries, from the watershed of the Jumna as far down as Rajmahal. It is the le- gitimate heir of the Sanskrit. HINDLEY, a district in Lancashire, England. It has important coal mining and cotton industries. It contains a free grammar school and an old parish church. Pop. about 24,000. HINDUISM, the system of religious belief held by the ordinary Hindus, as distinguished from that of the Indian aborigines and the Mussulman and Chris- tian invaders. HINDU KUSH (hin'do kosh), or IN- DIAN CAUCASUS, a mountain system of Central Asia. It is generally con- sidered as a continuation of the Hima- layas, which it adjoins at the Indus, and then stretches W. till it unites with the Ghur Mountains in North Afghanistan. Its culminating point, in the range of Hindu-Koh, to the N. of Cabul, is far be- yond the limit of perpetual snow, but is not supposed to exceed 20,000 feet. HINDUSTAN (hin-do-stan'), the name commonly given to the whole In- dian Empire, but which properly applies only to the Punjab and the valley of the Ganges. See India. HINDUSTANI (-sta'ne), a native of Hindustan proper. The word is also ap- plied to a language which apparently arose from the efforts made by the Hin- dus and their Mohammedan conquerors to understand each other. It approaches Hindi (g. v.), but has a large admixture of both Persian and Arabic words foreign to India. Hindustani will carry one all over India, but is really the vernacular of the Mohammedans only, and not of the Hindus properly so called. It is sometimes called Urdu or Oordoo. When people speak of the Indian lan- guage they mean Hindustani, but the designation is erroneous. There are at least 12 leading Indian languages. HINGHAM, a town in Plymouth co., Mass., on Massachusetts bay and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad; 14 miles S. E. of Boston. It is a popular summer resort, with steam- ship connections with Boston, and has the oldest "Meeting House" in New England, first occupied in 1682. It has a high school, Dei-by Academy, public library, manufacturing and fishing interests, banks and newspapers. Pop. (1910) 4,965; (1920) 5,604. HINKSON, KATHERINE (TY- NAN), an Irish poet and novelist; born in Dublin in 1861. She was educated in a convent and in 1893 she married
