JUSTICES, LORDS 299 JUSTIN, ST. arrest of wrong'-doers ; when a felony or breach of the peace has been commit- ted in their presence, they may person- ally arrest the offender or command ethers to do so. The Constitution of the United States directs that "no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause sup- ported by oath or affirmation" (Amend. IV.). After his arrest the person charged is brought before the justice of the peace, and after a hearing he is dis- charged, held to bail to answer to the complaint, or, for want of bail, commit- ted to prison. In some, perhaps, all, of the United States, justices of the peace have jurisdiction in civil cases given to them by local regulations. In Pennsyl- vania their jurisdiction in cases of con- tracts, express or implied, extends to $100. JUSTICES, LORDS, in Great Britain, persons formerly appointed by the sov- ereign to act for a time as his substitute in the supreme government, either of the whole kingdom or of a part of it. The lord-lieutenant of Ireland is a familiar ' example of a lord-justice. The title lords-justices of appeal is in England given to a certain number of judges be- long:ing to the appeal division of the Supreme Court of Judicature. JUSTICIARY COURT, the highest criminal court in Scotland. Its judges are seven of the judges of the Court of Session — viz., the lords president and justice-clerk, and five others appointed by patent. It sits usually in Edinburgh, but also holds circuit courts twice a year in a number of towns, four times at Perth, Dundee, and Aberdeen, and six times in Glasgow, the kingdom being divided for that purpose into three divi- sions or circuits. The jurisdiction em- braces all crimes whatever; and it is an appellate court as regards inferior crim- inal tribunals. Its decisions are final, there being no appeal to the House of Lords. JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE, in law, homicide in circumstances which render it a justifiable act. When, for instance, an executioner hangs a criminal legally condemned, or when no other way of preventing an atrocious crime, say mur- der, is available, the deed ceases to be murder and becomes justifiable homicide. JUSTIFICATION, in bookbinding, at- tention to keeping the matter of pages in exact register or correspondence, to secure even margins. In law, the bring- ing forward in court of a sufficient rea- son why a defendant did what he is called on to answer; such a plea must set forward some special matter. In printing, the adjustment of distance be- tween the letters in the words and the words in a line, so as to avoid any glar- ing disproportion and make them fill the measure. In theologj', Protestant: a forensic act by which God declares the sinner righteous, and acquits him of all guilt on account of the meritorious life and atoning death of Jesus Christ the Redeemer, imputed to the sinner and re- ceived by faith alone. A broad distinc- tion is drawn between justification and sanctification. (See the Eleventh Arti- cle, and the Homily, Of Justification, also Confession of Faith, ch. xi.) Roman Catholic: the infusion of righteousness into the sinner by the Spirit of God. On that view there is not essential distinc- tion between justification and sanctifica- tion. In support of this view, and against the distinction drawn by Protes- tants between justification and sanctifi- cation, Roman theologians cite I Cor. vi: 11. JUSTIN I. (FLAVIUS ANICIUS JUSTINUS), a Byzantine emperor; born in a. d. 450. He rose to the rank of general from being a private soldier, be- fore which he was a swineherd. The soldiers of the Praetorian band forced him to accept the imperial dignity on the death of Anastasius, in 518. He recalled the bishops who had been banished by the Arians, and published several severe edicts against that sect. Hearing of the destruction of Antioch by an earthquake, he laid aside the imperial robes, clothed himself in sackcloth, and passed several days in fasting and prayer, to avoid divine judgment. He rebuilt that city, and other places which were destroyed by the same calamity. He died Aug. 1, 527. JUSTIN II., a Byzantine emperor; nephew and successor (565) of Justinian I. He caused his cousin Justinus to be strangled. He made war against Chos- roes. King of Persia, who was obliged to sue for peace. Justin II. married Sophia, niece of Theodora, wife of the Emperor Justinianus, a woman of high spirit, who, taking advantage of her hus- band's weakness, governed the empire in conjunction with Tiberius. He died Oct. 5, 578. JUSTIN, ST., or JUSTIN MARTYR, a Christian apologist of the 2d century; born in Sichem, Samaria, Carefully trained in the schools of Greek philos- ophy, he was converted to the Christian faith when about 30 years of age, A persecution breaking out against the Christians, under Antoninus, Justin pre- sented to that emperor an admirable
