KIEL CANAL 343 KIKTJYU fjord (11 miles long) of the Baltic, which admits large ships to anchor close to the town. It is the headquarters of the German Baltic Sea navy, and is also an important commercial port. The chief part of its trade (before the World War) was carried on with the towns of Denmark and Sweden; corn, coal, tim- ber, and cattle being imported, while coal, flour, beer, butter, cheese and fish were exported. There are iron foundries, shipbuilding yards, corn mills, breweries, and cabinet makers' works. Kiel is the seat of a university, founded in 1665. The castle, built in the 13th century and enlarged by Catherine II. of Russia in the 18th, shelters the university library of 200,000 volumes and a museum with sculptures by Thorwaldsen. The Thau- low Museum contains Schleswig-Holstein carved work of the 15th-18th centuries. The bay is defended by a series of forts placed near its sea entrance. The Baltic canal connects the Elbe and the Bay of Kiel. The old town, dating from before the 10th century, has been enlarged by the suburbs of Brunswick and Diistern- brook. Here was signed in 1814 the treaty between Denmark, Sweden, and England, by which Sweden exchanged Pomerania for Norway. In the World War Kiel was Germany's principal naval base. Here mutinies among the sailors of the fleet broke out in 1917 and again in 1918. The mutiny in October-Novem- ber of that year could not be suppressed but spread to Berlin and led to the over- throw of the monarchy. See World War: Germany. KIEL CANAL, a German canal, ex- tending from Brunsbiittel on the Elbe to Holtenau on the Baltic and connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. About 60 miles in length, and with a depth of 36 feet the largest of war ves- sels could pass from the North Sea to the Baltic, or vice versa. This fact proved of great importance during the World War, since the inferior German Navy was able to eff'ectively control the Baltic Sea, the English fleet being unable or unwilling to leave its base for the Baltic Sea or to divide its forces The canal was, of course, prior to 1920, very heavily fortified and owned and operated by the German Government. Sea-going vessels, in going from the Baltic to the North Sea, save nearly 200 miles by using this canal. The treaty of Versailles of 1919 con- tained important clauses relating to the canal; the most important being that it shall be maintained "free and open to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations ... on terms of entire equality." Germany is, therefore, un- able to grant any preferential tolls to her own vessels, and is forbidden to charge more than sufficient for the oper- ating expenses. Cases in dispute are to be settled by a Joint Commission of Allied and German membership. Thus the canal is really under international control. KIELCE, a province of Poland, before the World War a Polish province of Russia. It forms the S. W. end of Poland, has an area of nearly 4,000 square miles and is watered by the Vistula and traversed by spurs of the Carpathians. Before the war the pop. was 992,500, of which 11 per cent, was Jewish, the rest being Poles with some intermixture of Ruthenians, or Little Russians. The capital, of the same name, is a city of about 32,000 pop., 107 miles south of Warsaw. The province was the scene of much of the fighting on the Eastern Front, between the Ger- mans and Russians, during the war, but was finally assigned to Poland by the Peace Conference, as an integral part of that nation's territory. KIELLAND, or KJELLAND, ALEXANDER LANGE (chel'and), a Norwegian novelist and dramatist; born in Stavanger, in 1849. A strong repre- sentative of the realistic school, he was a foe to all forms of ecclesiastical tyranny. His writings have been sup- posed to show the influence of Balzac and Zola. Notable among his novels are: "Garman and Worse" (1880), his first; "Laboring People" (1881) ; "Skip- per Worse" (1882) and "Else." Of his dramas the best are: "Betty's Formynd- er" (Betty's Guardian: 1887); "Profes- soren" (1888). He died April 6, 1906. KIESERITE (ke'zer-it) , a sulphate of mag-nesia obtained at Stassfurt and else- where, and employed as a source of epsom salt, and in the manufacture of manures. Mixed with quicklime and water it hardens into a mass which, after heating, pulverizing, and again mixing with water, becomes of a marble- like consistency, and may be made into ornamental articles, etc. KIKXJYU, a district in the British East African Protectorate. Various Christian missionary bodies have worked in this region, which became famous in the Christian world by the protest made by one of the Bishops of the English Church against permitting non-members to take part in the communion service. A conference called by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1914 did not sustain the protest.
