LAKEWOOD 401 LAMAB the subject of submarines, and in 1894 built the first experimental boat. Three years later he completed the "Argonaut," which was the first submarine to operate successfully in the open sea. Following this he designed and built many sub- marine torpedo boats for the United States and foreign countries. He was the inventor of much apparatus in con- nection with submarines and was a mem- ber of many scientific and engineering societies. LAKEWOOD, a city of Ohio, in Cuya- hoga CO. It is a residential suburb of Cleveland and has a public library and a hospital. Pop. (1910) 15,181; (1920) 41,732. LAKE WORSHIP, a particular kind of water worship noticed by Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) ("Prehistoric Times," p. 269) to refute a theory that the gold ornaments dredged up from the sites of lake dwellings were offerings to the gods. That certain lakes were held sacred by ancient nations is indisputable. LALANDE, JOSEPH JEROME LE- FRANCAIS DE (la-lo?isfd') , a French astronomer ; born in Bourg, Ain, France, July 11, 1732. Sent to Paris to qualify for an advocate, but turned to the study of astronomy. The Paris Academy sent him to Berlin in 1751 to determine the moon's parallax. He was appointed an astronomer-royal and later professor of astronomy in the College of France, and in 1795 Director of the Paris Observa- tory. His principal work is "Treatise on Astronomy" (2 vols., 1764). In 1802 he instituted the Lalande prize for the most notable astronomical book or ob- servation of the year. He died in Paris, France, April 4, 1807. LALIIT, a Spanish town about 26 miles N. of Pontevedra. Some interest- ing old buildings are located in the city, including an old Roman temple and the ruins of the monastery of Carboiro. Pop. about 17,500. LA LINEA, a Spanish city near the English fortress of Gibraltar. Inhabited by laborers who make their living work- ing for the garrison at Gibraltar and selling foodstuffs to them and to the naval vessels stationed there. Pop. about 35,000. LALITA-VISTARA (lal'i-ta-vis'ta- ra), the name of one of the most cele- brated works of Buddhistic literature. It belongs to the N. Buddhists, existing only in a debased Sanskrit version. It contains a narrative of the life and doc- trine of the Buddha Sakya-muni, treat- ing of "Dharma," or religious law. LAMAISM (la'ma-izm), a system partly religious, partly political — the Church and State Establishment of Tibet — standing in the same relation to Buddhism proper as the Western State churches stand to primitive Christianity. Buddhism was introduced into Tibet in A. D. 622 by Srong Tsan Kampo, who founded the present capital, now known as Lhasa, From the death of this king down to about 850 is called the "First Introduction of Religion." More than a century of civil war followed, and in 971 there took place the "Second Intro- duction of Religion" into Tibet. For more 300 years Buddhism grew in power and wealth, and Kublai Khan embraced the doctrine of the Lamas. In 1390, Tsongkapa, the Tibetan monastic re- former, appeared in Lhasa, and at his death, in 1419, he left three immense monasteries with 30,000 monks. The two things on which he insisted were (1) the observance of celibacy, and (2) sim- plicity in dress. About the middle of the 15th century, the Emperor of China acknowledged the leaders — the Dalai Lama and the Pantshen Lama — as titu- lar overlords of the Church and tributary rulers of Tibet. They were abbots of the monasteries at Gedun Dubpa near Lhasa, and Krashis Lunpo in Further Tibet, and their successors still exercise the same rights. Both are looked upon as incarnations — living in heaven, and appearing on earth in an apparitional body. The political authority of the Dalai Lama is confined to Tibet, but he is head of the Buddhist Church throughout Mongolia and China. LA MANCHA. See Mancha, La. LAMAR. LUCIUS QUINTUS CIN- CINNATUS, an American jurist; born in Putnam co., Ga., Sept. 1, 1825. Ad- mitted to the bar in 1847, he served two terms as congressman from Mississippi (1856-1860). In 1861, after taking part in the secession convention of Mississippi, he entered the Confederate army and achieved distinction. After the war he was Professor of Political Economy and Law Professor in the University of Miss- issippi, and afterward served in both Houses of Congress, where he showed strong friendship for the North. In 1885 Secretary of the Interior, and in 1887 became an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Died in Macon, Ga., Jan. 24, 1893. LAMAR, MIRABEAU, 2d president of the republic of Texas; born in Louis- ville, Ga., Aug. 16, 1798. He founded a newspaper, devoted to State rights, called the "Columbus Inquirer," and, in 1835,
