LAMELLIROSTRES 404 LAMMAS the three apical joints. The mentum is solid and horny; the legs are long, and have spines and tooth-like projections on the fore ones, enabling them to dig with facility. There are six small legs at- tached to the thoracic segments. Some live in the ground, feeding on the roots of plants. They are all herbivorous. Among them are some of the most splen- did beetles existing. More than 7,000 species are known. They are divided into two families: Scaraheidx and Lucanidss. LAMEIiLIROSTRES (-ros'trez), a family of swimming birds. The family comprises the ducks, geese, swans, flam- ingoes, etc. LAMENNAIS, HUGXJES FELICITE ROBERT DE (la-muh-na') , a French writer; born in St. Malo, June 19, 1782. He was ordained priest in 1817. The same year appeared the first volume of his "Essay upon Indifference in the Mat- ter of Religion" (1807-1820). He de- veloped his views further in "Religion Considered in its Relation to the Civil and Political Order" (1825) and "Pro- gress of the Revolution and of the War against the Church" (1829). By de- grees he became the critic of Church pol- icy, and his journal "L'Avenir" (The Future) was condemned by the Pope. Lamennais bowed to Rome's decree; but after a year was published his "Words of a Believer" (1834), in which he re- pudiates all authority of popes and bishops. It was followed by "The Book of the People" (1837), and "The Past and the Future of the People" (1842), in the same tone. He wrote also: "Sketch of a Philosophy" (3 vols. 1841) ; "Religion"; and translated the Gospels, accompanying the text with notes. He died in Paris, Feb. 27, 1854. LAMENTATIONS, one of the shorter books of the Old Testament. No au- thor's name is attached to it in the He- brew Bible, where it is simply designated from its first two words, ekha.h = "0 how." ^ The Septuagint translators called it Threnoi leremiou = "Dirges or Lamentations of Jeremiah." Universal tradition attributes it to him, and the style is that of his acknowledged prophe- cies. The theme is the destruction and desolation of Jerusalem, and the slaugh- ter of many of its inhabitants, with the misery of the survivors. It is chanted in part of the Jewish ritual on the 9th of Ab, in our month of July. LAMIA, a city in Greece, located near the head of the gulf of Lamia and not far distant from the famous pass of Thermopylae. The modern town con- tains some picturesque mosques and gar- dens. The most important industry is the raising of camels. Pop. approxi- mately, 9,000. LAMINARIA (-na'), a genus of al- gals, the typical one of the family La- minaridse, or the order Laminariacese. In place of leaves there is a plane rib- less expansion. The stem is either naked or fringed. The young stalks of L. digitata and L. saccharina, called tangles, are eaten. The first of these with L. bulbosa are most valued of the genus for kelp manufacture. L. sac- charina is used as an imperfect hygro- meter. It is administered in India in goiter, scrofula, and syphilis. So are L. bracteata and the large Australian spe- cies, L. potatorum. LAMINATED PIPE, water, sewer, or gas pipe made of thicknesses of veneer or scale board successively wrapped to obtain thickness and strength. Each layer is thoroughly saturated with as- phalt, and the grain of alternate layers passes in transverse directions, so as to secure an intimate bond and a line of resistance to disruption in any direction, lengthvdse, oblique, or across the pipe circumference. The veneer is some- times made to alternate with fabric or an adhesive composition. LAMINATING MACHINE, a gold- beater's rolling-mill for reducing the in- got of gold to such a thickness that a square inch will weigh 6% grains. The ingot weighs two ounces, anl is three- quarters of an inch broad. The rollers are of hard steel, and extend the ingot to a ribbon. The gold is frequently an- nealed during the process. LAMINATION, the arrangement of rocks in thin layers or laminae, the con- dition of a large proportion of the earth's strata. Shale deposits exhibit this struc- ture very plainly, being frequently easily separable into the thin laminae in which they were originally deposited. The laminae indicate interruption in the sup- ply of the materials, which may have been occasioned by successive tides, by frequent or periodical floods, or by the carrying medium having access to a sup- ply of different material, passing, e. g., from mud to sand, and back again to mud. LAMMAS, a name given to the first day of August, though the origin of the term is involved in obscurity. It is the day of the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula, or St. Peter in Bonds, which was insti- tuted in 317, and, according to some au- thorities, received its title from the Di-
