LIECHTENSTEIN 478 LIFEBOAT ness in the Reichstag. He was expelled from the Socialist Party in 1916 and was expelled from the Reichstag in the same year, following an attack on the Gov- ernment's financial policy. A few weeks later he was seized on a charge of at- tempting high treason and was sentenced to four years penal servitude, expulsion from the army and loss of civil rights. After the end of the war he became the leader of the Spartacist group of agita- tors which opposed the new government. He was arrested and together with Rosa Luxemburg was being conveyed to Berlin in an automobile when both were shot and killed, Jan. 15, 1919. LIECHTENSTEIN (leftt'en-stin), an independent principality of Europe, sepa- rated from Switzerland on the W. by the Rhine; on the E. it is bounded by Vor- arlberg; area, 61 square miles. It is a mountainous district made up of the lordship of Vaduz and the countship of Schellenberg. The chief town, Liechten- stein, formerly called Vaduz, io 28 miles S. S. W. of Bregenz on Lake Constance. The inhabitants carry on agriculture, rear cattle, and cultivate the vine. They are exempt from military duty. Liech- tenstein, with several other small States, formed the 15th member of the German Confederation till its dissolution in 1866; but in the Plenum, or full Council of the Diet, it had a separate vote. The Prince of Liechtenstein possesses extensive es- tates in Austria, Prussia, and Saxony. The little State was, until the establish- ment of the Austrian Republic, a con- stitutional sovereignty, ruled by the prince and a legislative assembly. On Nov. 7, 1918, the Diet passed a resolution making Liechtenstein an independent State. Pop. about 11,000. LIEGE, a city of Belgium, capital of province of same name, 54 miles S. E. of Brussels, on the Meuse, at the influx of the Ourthe. It is an important stronghold, being surrounded by a circle of forts. The Meuse divides the city into the old town and the new town, the for- mer on the left bank containing the citadel and principal public buildings, the latter numerous manufacturing estab- lishments. The chief center is the Square d'Avroy, and the chief edifices include the Churches of St. Jacques, St. Paul. St. Croix, St. Barthelemy, St. Mar- tin, St. Denis, Academie de Beaux Arts, Theatre Royal, Palais de Justice, and town hall. Has university with 2,000 students and 20,000 volumes. Is center of rich coal district, some of the mines being under the city streets. Has large artillery works, and machine mills. In- dustries very varied, and the city is seat of active commerce. It was the first considerable town in the way of the Germans when they invaded Belgiuil in August, 1914. The first infantry at- tack was made on August 5, and the Germans were in the town on August 8, the forts around the town being later battered down by the big guns from the Austrian foundries at Skoda. The city remained in German hands till the end of the war. Pop. about 175,000. LIEGNITZ, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Katzbach, 38 miles W. by N. of Breslau. The town dates from the end of the 10th century. In 1163 it was chosen by the Dukes of Lower Silesia as their place of residence, and from 1241 to 1675 it was the capital of the princi- pality of Liegnitz. Liegnitz came into the hands of Prussia in 1742. Here in 1760 Frederick the Great routed the Aus- trians under Laudon, and in 1813 Bliicher defeated the French (Katzbach). It is now a place of great and varied industrial activity; iron-foundries, and machine-shops, pianoforte-factories, and manufactures of woolens, cloth, hats, and gloves, with turnery, brick-making, and pottery, indicate the chief branches. Pop. about 67,000. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL, a general officer in the army, ranking above a major-general and below a general. The office of lieutenant-general was first cre- ated by Congress for George Washington in 1798, during the troubles between the United States and France. It then lapsed till renewed by Congress for Gen. Winfield Scott, who was made lieutenant- general by brevet. In 1864 it was again revived for Gen. U. S. Grant, and con- tinued for Generals Sherman and Sheri- dan. The grade was also conferred on Gen. John M. Schofield, Feb. 5, 1895, who held it till his retirement, Sept. 29, following. An act of Congress of June 6, 1900, provided that "the senior major- general of the line commanding the army shall have the rank, pay and allow- ances of a lieutenant-general"; and on the re-organization of the army in Feb- ruary, 1901, the grade was revived and President McKinley appointed Maj.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles its incumbent. In June, 1903, the rank was abolished by act of Congress, which provided for a General Staff, Chief of Staff taking the place of lieutenant-general. During the World War the grade was revived. Hunter Lig- gett and Robert L. Bullard were ap- pointed lieutenant-generals. LIFEBOAT, a boat specially con- structed for saving life in storms and heavy seas, when ordinary boats could not attempt to do so, except at imminent
