HOLYHEAD 40 HOLY ROOD tribe Phalaridex, about a foot high, with a brownish glossy lax panicle. It is sometimes strewed on the floors oi churches on festival days, whence its name. HOLYHEAD, an island and seaport of Wales; off the W. coast of the Isle of Anglesey, with which it is connected by a long causeway which may be crossed at low water, 23 miles N. W. of Bangor. The isle is a barren rock. Holyhead has a breakwater inclosing a harbor. HOLY ISLAND, a name for Ireland, from the number of saints in its calen- dar. Also Guernsey, one of the Chan- nel Islands, because of the monks that formerly flocked thither. Also the island of Riigen, so named by Varini. Also a name now generally given to Lindis- farne, on the coast of Northumberland, where the famous St. Cuthbert ruled over a Saxon abbey founded 635. It is a peninsula insulated at high tide. HOLY LAND, a name generally given among modern peoples to Palestine, the scene of the Christ's birth, ministry, and death. It is first applied in Zech. ii: 12. Elis, a kingdom of ancient Greece, was also so named. Here was the temple of the Olympian Zeus, and sacred games were held every four years. Arabia is so named by Mohammedans because Mo- hammed was born there. The Buddhists of China call India the Holy Land, because it was the country of Sakya Muni. HOLY LEAGUE, a league, founded in 1576, to prevent Henry of Navarre, who at the time was a Protestant, from ascending the French throne. At his becoming a Roman Catholic, in 1593, the league was dissolved and he became king under the title of Henry IV. The name was also given to a combination formed in 1508 by Pope Julius II. with Louis XII. of France, Maximilian of Germany, Ferdinand III. of Spain, ^ and some Italian princes, against Venice. HOLYOAKE, GEORGE JACOB, an English religious reformer; born in Bir- mingham, April 13, 1817. He was edu- cated at the Mechanics' Institute in his native city, and figured as teacher, jour- nalist, and lecturer. He is chiefly known for his advocacy of secularism and co- operation. His works include : "Secular- ism" (1854) ; "The Limits of Atheism" (1861) ; "History of Co-operation" (1875-1879); "Among the Americans" (1881); "Co-operative Movement of To- day" (1891); "Nature and Origin of Secularism" (1896) ; etc. He died in Brighton in 1906. HOLY OF HOLIES, in Judaism, the inner or most sacred apartment, first to the Tabernacle, then of the Temple, into which none was permitted to enter but the high priest, and he only once a year, and then "not without blood." It was separated from the Holy Place or Outer Chamber by a veil. HOLYOKE, a city in Hampden co., Mass., on the Connecticut river, and on the Boston and Maine, and the Nevt York, New Haven and Hartford rail- roads; 8 miles N. of Springfield. It is the leading paper manufacturing city in the world, with a daily output of over 200 tons. The Connecticut at this point is dammed with a dam 1,000 feet in length, supplying water-power, through a system of canals, to the numerous tur- bines by which nearly all the mills are operated. The principal manufactures include paper, cotton and woolen goods, machinery, turbines, thread, knit goods, steam engines and wire. The city is lighted by gas and electricity; has water- works, public schools, high school, public library, electric street railroads, daily and weekly newspapers, and National banks. Pop. (1910) 57,730; (1920) 60,203. HOLYOKE COLLEGE, MOUNT. See Mount Holyoke College. HOLYOKE MOUNT, in Hampshire CO., Mass., between Hadley and Amherst on the N. and South Hadley and Granby on the S. two miles E. of the Connecticut river, three miles S. E. of Northampton. ; It is a steep, narrow ridge of green- ' stone; highest point, 1,120 feet above the , sea. HOLY PLACES, the sites in Palestine connected with the ministry and death of Christ, especially those traditionally located within the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The Greek and Latin Churches both claim the custody of these sacred spots, the Russians support- ing the pretentions of the former, the French those of the latter. A dispute about these holy places led, in 1853, to the Russo-Turkish War, followed, in 1854, by the Crimean War, HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, a title which the German Empire received in 902 when Otho I. was crowned at Rome by Pope John XII. It came to an end when Francis II. became hereditary em- peror of Austria in 1804. HOLY ROOD, a cross or crucifix; especially one placed on the rood-beam in churches over the entrance to the chancel. Holy rood day is a festival kept on
