HORNED SCREAMER 56 HOROLOGY the World War, in 1914, he was given command of the artillery of the First Corps of the British Army in France. During 1915 he was in command of the Second Division, but in the latter part of that year he was sent to take com- mand of the British forces assigned to the defense of the Suez Canal, where he distinguished himself by his decisive de- feat of the Turkish Army sent against him. Returning home, he was given command of the First Army of the Brit- ish forces in France. It was he who in- vented the "creeping barrage," during the operations on the Western Front, in 1916. HORNED SCREAMER, a South American grallatorial bird, larger than a goose, with a long, slender, mobile horn projecting from the forehead, whence the epithet. Its color is blackish, with a red spot on the shoulder. HORNED TOAD, also called HORNED Frog and Horned Lizard {Phrynosoma comtitum) , a lizard belonging to the Agamidse. It is found in Mexico, Texas, Oregon, and California. HORNELL, a city in Steuben co., N. Y., on the Canisteo river, and on the Pittsburgh, Shawmut and Northern, and the Erie railroads; 60 miles S. of Rochester. It has important manufac- tures, including sash, doors, and blinds, furniture, leather, shoes, carriages, wire fencing, brick and tile, silk, veilings, gloves, and machinery. It is the seat of a free academy and Mercy Hospital, and has daily and weekly newspapers, public high school, electric lights, library, and National banks. Pop. (1910) 13,617; (1920) 15,025. HORNET {Vespa crabro) , the largest species of wasp found in Grreat Britain and America. The thorax is mostly black, the fore part rufous; the abdo- men is yellow. The sting is very pain- ful. The hornet is a very voracious in- sect, seizing and devouring bees and other insects, or carrying them to its nest to feed its young. The nest is in a hollow tree; or other sheltered place. HORNET MOTH, a name for Sphecia apiformis. It has transparent wings, the hind margins brown, and the costae yellowish brown; the head yellow. The larva is whitish yellow, with a blackish brown head. It feeds in the autumn and winter on the stems and roots of poplar trees. Also a term applied to the genus Sphecia. The lunar hornet moth is S. bembeciformis. The larva feeds on the wood of the sallow. In their wings and body they resemble hornets, which, however, have mandibles and a sting. both of which are wanting in hornet moths. HORNIMAN, ANNIE ELIZABETH FREDERICKA, a British theatrical manager. She was born at Forest Hill, Kent, England, in 1860. She was edu- cated partly privately and partly in the Slade School under Professor Legros. Became interested in theaters and the suffrage; studied astrology; made an at- tempt at dramatic affairs at the Avenue Theater in 1894; later helped to form the Irish National Theater Society at the Abbey Theater, Dublin; bought the Gaiety Theater, Manchester, and started the first theater with a Catholic reper- toire in England in 1908. HORNSTONE, a cryptocrystalline va- riety of quartz resembling flint, but more brittle. Called also chert. HORNUNG, ERNEST WILLIAM, an English writer; born in Middlesborough, Yorkshire, in 1866. He spent the years from 1884 to 1886 in Australia and then returned to England and devoted himself to writing. His best known books are "The Rogue's March" (1896); "The Amateur Cracksman" (1899) ; "Denis Dent" (1903); "Stingaree" (1905); "Mr. Justice Raffles" (1909) ; "The Crime Doctor" (1914). He married in 1893 a sister of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. HOROLOGY, that branch of science which treats of the principles and con- struction of machines for measuring and indicating portions of time. It is al- most an impossibility to state who was the individual that intended either a clock or a watch; due to the fact that formerly the term horologium was ap- plied to a sun dial or a clock indiscrimi- nately. As far back as the close of the 13th or the beginning of the 14th cen- tury, striking clocks were known in Italy. In 1288, as we are told by Coke, a stone clock tower was erected opposite West- minster Hall, and in it was placed a clock. About 1364 a German horologer, Henry de Wick, de Vick, de Wyk, or de Wyck, set up a clock in the tower of the palace of Charles V. of France. The date at which the size of clocks was so far reduced as to render them portable, is uncertain; it must, however, have been anterior to 1544; for in this latter year the corporation of master clockmakers at Paris procured from Francis I. a statute precluding all but master clockmakers from constructing clocks or watches, large or small. The third era in clockwork was the application of the pendulum. Galileo was the first who remarked, or at least the first who formally announced^
