MANGANESE 102 MANGO in 1870, with a biographical introduction by John Mitchel. He died in Dublin, June 20, 1849. MANGANESE, a metallic element which forms a distinct chemical species. It is found in many parts of the world and in the United States, chiefly in Vir- ginia and Georgia, in the southern Mis- sissippi Valley and on the Pacific Coast. Iron ores containing it also occur in New England and in the Lake Superior iron district. Silver ores containing manga- nese are found in large quantities in the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin re- gions. It is also obtained from zinc ores in New Jersey and elsewhere. The metal itself has no distinct use, but has great value as an alloy with copper, iron, zinc, tin, lead, and aluminum. The introduc- tion of manganese in ii'on and steel adds greatly to their elasticity and hardness. The greater part of the manganese ore mined is used in the iron and steel in- dustries. It thus became of great value during the World War in the manufac- ture of ordnance and munitions. From 1890 to 1914 the United States was largely dependent upon foreign sources for manganese ores and alloys. In the latter years the supply was largely cut off from these sources and attention was directed toward domestic supplies. Experimentation was also car- ried on by which it was found that ores with as much as 2 or 3 per cent, of iron and as little as 70 per cent, of manga- nese could be used without serious loss of efficiency. Active prospecting was carried on until by 1918 many important sources of production had been discov- ered, especially in Montana and Nevada. The domestic production of manganese, stimulated by the demand arising from the war, greatly increased. There was, in spite of this, however, the necessity of importing large quantities, chiefly from Central and South America. The total imports of ore in 1918 amounted to 491,333 tons, of which 345,877 tons came from Brazil. Domestic shipments of high-grade ore amounted to 305,869 tons. In the United States more than 95 per cent, of the manganese used in the indus- tries is added to steel in the form of al- loys, ferromanganese, and spiegeleisen. With the recent great development of the internal-combustion engine, the demand for high-grade manganese ore for use in making dry batteries has steadily in- creased, so that in 1917 the annual re- quirement for that industry was about 25,000 tons. The States pi'oducing the largest amount of manganese in 1918 were Montana, California, Nevada, Ari- zona, and Virginia. The value of the domestic production in 1918 was $8,240,- 386. MANGANITE, an ore of manganese, consisting of hydrated manganese exide, Mn203.H20. It occurs as orthorhombic crystals, dark steel-gray in color, with a metallic luster. Manganite is found in Alabama, Georgia, New Mexico, Ger- many, Scotland, Nova Scotia, etc. MANGE, a disease of the skin occur- ing in dogs^ horses, cattle, etc., and similar to the itch in human beings. MANGEL WURZEL. See MANGOLD WURZEL. MANGIN, JOSEPH, a general in com- mand of the French forces in Tangier before the World War. He enjoyed remarkable success in training native soldiers, many fighting under him in northern France. In 1912, when El Hiba, Muley Youssef's rival, declared himself sultan, Mangin led his troops to Mara- kesh and rescued the French officers there. In 1916, in the Battle of Verdun, he captured Fort Douaumont from the Germans, but lost it again. In October Douaumont and Fort Vaux were re- gained, when the French assumed the offensive. In December General Mangin took Bezonveau Ridge, from which the Prussian Crown Prince had directed the fire on Verdun. In the spring of 1917, General Mangin, attacking in the Aisne sector, made important gains between Soissons and Rheims, but political "De- featists" caused his removal to an obscure post. Clemenceau on accession to office sent Mangin back to the field. In the German drive of March, 1918, when the British Fifth Army was routed, Mangin's timely arrival saved the day. In July, 1918, General Mangin, commanding French and Americans, struck the first great blow of the Allies' offensive between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry, penetrat- ing 6 miles on a 28-mile front. MANGO, an umbrageous tree, wild on the western Ghats, in the Chutia Nag- pore Hills and the Naga Hills, and cul- tivated all over India. The fruit is con- sidered one of the very best in India; it is laxative. The bark of the root and, to a certain extent, of the stem, is used in diarrhoea, etc. The young leaves are good for pectoral complaints, the old ones for cleaning the teeth. The seeds are anthelmintic and the resin of the bark antisyphilitic. The seeds contain gallic acid. The bark and the leaves yield an inferior yellow dye. The dry unripe fruit is used as a mordant, espe- cially in dyeing with safflower. The leaves and the bark are used in parts of India in tanning.
