MARGUERITTE 120 MABIANNA for the purpose of purchasing shares of stock or bonds, the latter giving a col- lateral security to cover the margin of probable fluctation. If the value of the matter dealt in decreases below the mar- gin covered by the security, the broker is at once privileged to sell and recoup himself out of the security. A rise in value constitutes the winnings, or gain, of the party who has advanced the se- curity. MARGUERITTE, PAUL, born in 1860. VICTOR, born in 1866. French writers and novelists, brothers, and sons of a general killed at Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War. Paul Margueritte was the first to take up novel writing. His novels are: "Tous Quatre" (1885); "La Confession Posthume" (1886); "Maison Ouverte" (1887) ; "Pascal Ge- fosse" (1892) ; "Jours d'Epreuve" (1889) ; "Amants" (1892) ; "Ma Grande" (1892) ; "La Tourmente" (1894) ; "L'Essor" (1896); "A la Mer" (1906); "La Flamme" (1909) ; "La Faiblesse Hu- maine" (1910) ; "La Main Brule" (1913). Victor, some time a cavalry officer, wrote poems and novels before collaborating with his brother. Of his more noted works are "Prostituee" (1907) ; "Jeunes" (1909) ; "L'Or" (1910) ; "Pour Mieux Vivre" (1911); "L'Imprevu" (1911); "Le Journal d'un Mollot" (1912); "La Rose des Ruines" (1913). The brothers wi'ote together novels of the Franco- Prussian War, notably "Le Desastre." The social position of women was the subject of "Les Deux Vies" (1902). They also wrote a history of the Franco-Prus- sian War. MARIA CHRISTINA (ma-re'a kres- te'na), a Queen-Dowager of Spain, daughter of Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies; bom in Naples, April 27. 1806. She was married to Ferdinand VII. of Spain in 1829. Ferdinand died in 1833, and by his testament his widow was ap- pointed guardian of her children — the young Queen Isabella and the Infanta Maria Louisa, afterward Duchesse de Wontpensier — and also regent, till the young queen should attain the age of 18 years. A civil war broke out, the ad- herents of Don Carlos seeking to place him on the throne. This was continued until 1840. Maria was married morga- natically to Fernando Munoz. She had 10 children by him. A conspiracy, which broke out on the night of Aug. 13, 1836, exposed Muiioz to great danger, and led the queen-mother to concede a constitu- tion to Spain. A popular commotion, caused by the law respecting the Ayun- tamientos, obliged her to give to the prime minister Espartero, Oct. 10, 1840, a renunciation of the regency, and then ' to retire to France. After the fall of Espartero she returned to Madrid in 1843, and in October, 1844. her marriage with Munoz, who was now made Duke of Rianzares, was publicly solemnized. In July, 1864, a new revolution expelled her from the country, and she again took refuge in France, but returned to Spain some time after, was again ex- pelled, and died in exile in Havre, France, Aug. 22, 1878. MARIA CHRISTINA, Dowager-Queen of Spain, born in 1858. She was a daughter of Archduke Karl of Austria. She married in 1879 Alfonso XII of Spain. A son, Alfonso XIII, was born in 1886 after the death of his father. She acted as regent until her son be- came of age. May 17, 1902, and dis- played great ability and tact in carrying on the affairs of the government. MARIA LOUISA, Empress of the French, second wife of Napoleon I.; bom in Vienna, Austria, Dec. 12, 1791. She was the eldest daughter of Francis I., Emperor of Austria, and of his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples. In 1810 she was married to the emperor, then in the zenith of his power; in 1811 she pre- sented her husband with a son — after- ward called King of Rome — to the great joy of the French nation; and, in 1813, on his departure to the army, she was nominated regent. In 1814 she refused coldly to accompany Napoleon to Elba, on the plea of ill-health; and having ob« tained, by treaty with the allied powers, the duchies of Parma and Placentia, etc., she repaired thither with her chamber- lain. Count Neipperg. for whom she had conceived an attachment, and whom she subsequently married. She died in Par- ma, Italy, Dec. 17, 1847. MARIAMNE (-am'ne), an unfortu- nate Jewish princess, granddaughter of Aristobulus and of Hyrcanus the high- priest, and wife of Herod the Great. Her history is related by Josephus in his "Antiquities," commencing at Book XV., from which it appears that Herod was excessively fond of her. She was con- demned to death by the machinations of Salome, her husband's sister, on a false charge of adultery, 28 B. C. She met her fate with an air of grandeur and intrepidity worthy of her noble ances- try, and was bitterly lamented by the king after her decease. Another Mari- amne, wife of Herod, was the daughter of Simon, the high-priest, and mother of Herod-Philip, who married Herodias. MARIANNA, county-seat of Lee co.. Ark., 43 miles S. W. of Memphis, Tenn.
