MABNE 132 MAKQUETTE General Langle de Gary occupied Vihy. Foch pushed on and entered Chalons. Manoury's Sixth French Army was mov- ing along the right bank of the Ourcq toward Compiegne, driving Von Biilow almost to Rheims. On Sept. 12 the Ger- mans had reached their prepared posi- tions on the Aisne river. The first Battle of the Marne was more of a moral victory for the Allies than a material one. It gave them time to prepare and forever shattered German hopes of a swift victory over France i on which they had counted. The second Battle of the Marne began on July 15, 1918, when General Foch's drive against the Germans was under way, culminating in their collapse. The Americans attacking at Vaux northwest of Chateau-Thierry at first lost ground and then drove the enemy across the Marne. On July 16 the Germans devel- oped their positions on the south bank of the Marne east of Mazy and south of Dormans. Penetration at Bligny was developed by the Allies south to the Marne. July 18-23 French and American detachments under General Mangin at- tacked the right wing of the Prussian Crown Prince between Soissons and Cha- teau-Thierry on a 28-mile front with a penetration of 6 miles as far as the river Crise. The Allies saved the plateau of Soissons and recovered the entire sector northwest of Chateau-Thierry. In the center they crossed the Marne, threaten- ing Jaulgonne. The booty from July 18 to 23, amounted to 25,000 prisoners and over 400 guns. MARNE, HAUTE (hot marn), a de- partment in the N. E. of France, formed chiefly out of the old province of Cham- pagne, and embracing the land in the upper basins of the Marne and the Meuse; rises in the S. into the plateau of Langres and the Monts Faucilles (1,500 to 1,600 feet) ; area, 2,402 square miles; pop. about 220,000. Cereals, wine (12,000,000 gallons annually), fruits and potatoes are the principal products; the depax-tment yields 200,000 tons of iron ore annually, and there are numerous furnaces ; the cutlery is in high repute. MARONITES (mar'on-its), a body of Eastern Christians of Mount Lebanon, probably deriving their name from one Maro, a Syrian monk contemporary with Chrysostom. They adopted Monothelite errors, but were united to the Roman Church in 1182, though they soon fell away through Greek influence. In 1216 they again submitted, and the connection has_ subsisted ever since. They have excited more attention in Europe than other Oriental Christians, on account of the persecutions they have suffered at the hands of the Druses. In 1860, 1,300 Maronites were killed, and 100,000 driven from their homes. In 1920 the Maronites numbered about 300,000. Arabic is the vulgar, and Syriac the liturgical lan- guage. MAROS-VASARHELY (mor'6sh-va'- shar-hely), the former capital of the Szekler districts in Transylvania, now a province of Rumania, on the Maros 20 miles S. E. of Klausenburg; contains a fortified castle, an old Gothic church (Reformed), a library of 70,000 volumes, and a collection of minerals and an- tiquities, and has a trade in timber, to- bacco, wine, corn, ard fruits (particular- ly melons). Pop. about 25,000. MARQUESAS (mar-ka'sas) ISLANDS, a group in Polynesia, N. of Tuamotu or Low Archipelago; area, about 500 square miles. The name strictly applies to four or five islands discovered by Men- dana in 1595, but usually includes now the Washington group of seven islands to the N. W.. which were discovered by the American Ingraham in 1791. The whole archipelago is volcanic. Hiva-oa and Nuka-hiva are the largest islands. Near- ly all are shaped into several narrow valleys, in which the bulk of the popu- lation live. In Cook's time there were 100,000 inhabitants, but these had dwindled in 1920 to less than 3,000. They were perhaps the finest race of the brown Polynesian stock, and, though courteous, wex^ cruel and revengeful. Since 1842 the islands have been a French protector- ate. MARQUETTE (mar-kef), a city and county-seat of Marquette co.. Mich., on Lake Superior and on the Duluth, South Shore, and Atlantic and the Munising, Marquette and Southeastern railroads; 53 miles E. S. E. of L'Anse. It has a beautiful harbor, with a 3,000-foot break- water finished in 1894 by the United States government. The city contains the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral of St. Paul, the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Peter, a United States government building. Northern State normal school, public high school, the Peter White Pub- lic Library, a branch of the State prison, the Upper .Michigan Children's Home, waterworks, electric street railroads. Na- tional banks, and daily and weekly news- papers. Marquette has a celebrated brownstone quarry, iron and brick works, > railroad machine shops, flour and lum- ber mills, several of the largest iron ore docks in the world, etc. In 1913 the city adopted the commission form of govern- ment. Pop. (1910) 11,503; (1920) 12,718.
