MARTHA'S VINEYARD 138 MARTIN numbers are taken every year to supply the wants of civilization. The finest fur comes from the highest latitudes, prin- cipally from North America and Siberia. MARTEN According to Alston, the pine marten {Mustela martes or abietum) is the sole British species; though Bell includes beech marten or stone marten in the fauna. MARTHA'S VINEYARD, an island on the S. coast of Massachusetts, 21 miles long, 6 miles in average width. It is noted as a summer health resort. MARTIAL (mar'shal) (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS), a Latin epigrammatist J born in Bilbilis, Spain, in 43 A. D. His poems, which consist of about 1,500 pieces, are interesting for their allusions to the persons and man- ners of the times, but abound with in- delicacies. Martial went to Rome when about 20 years of age, and obtained the favor of Domitian. He died in Spain about 104. MARTIAL LAW, government by ar- bitrary military power, superseding mu- nicipal, or State law, when the State is imperilled from without or within and the regular administration is unequal to the task of securing general safety. Martial law is declared to enforce extra- ordinary measures. It is not a law, as commonly understood, but an abrogation of law, having no legislative sanction. The U. S. Supreme Court has held that a State legislature may proclaim its existence, should the safety of the public demand it. The Constitution tacitly per- mits its proclamation in the clause pro- viding that privileges of the writ of nabeas corpus should not be suspended, except when necessary in the case of rebellion and invasion. MARTIGNY, three villages in Switzer- land united under this name. Located in the Rhone valley S. of the E. end of Lake Geneva. Situated on the Simplon road into Italy. Pop. about 6,000. MARTIN, a migratory bird, closely resembling the swallow. It builds a mud nest under the eaves of houses and barns, but it differs from the swallow in having a conspicious white band across the lower back. The sand martin (H. riparia) is pale brown above and white below. It hollows out galleries in the banks, where it nests and breeds. The sand martin and the house martin are both birds of pas- sage, arriving in spring and departing toward the end of summer. Cypselus apus, the swift, is sometimes called the black martin. The purple martin of America is Himndo (or Progne) purpurea. The plumage of the male is almost wholly steel-blue; the female is duller in color above, brownish-gray beneath. The fairy martin of Australia is Hirundo ariel. MARTIN, the name of five Popes, as follows : Martin I., succeeded Theodore in 649, but was deposed by the emperor, and banished, after suffering great indigni- ties, to the Sarmatian Chersonese, where he died in 655, being afterward numbered, for his suffering, among the saints. Martin II. succeeded John in 882, but died within 18 months of his election. Martin III. ascended the papal chair on the death of Stephen VIII., in 943, and died three years after. Martin IV. (Nicholas de la Brie), a Frenchman, suc- ceeded Nicholas III. in 1281. Having been, from the time of his election, a devoted adherent of Charles of Anjou, he supported that monarch with all his influence, and even by the spiritual cen- sures which he had at his command, in his effort to maintain French domination in Sicily; and it is to his use of the censures of the Church in that cause that many Catholic historians ascribe the decline and ultimate extinction of the authority in temporals which the papacy had exercised under the distinguished pontiffs who preceded him. It is in his time that took place the memorable tragedy known as th^ "Sicilian Vespers." He died in 1285. Martin V. (Otto Co- lonna), was elected after the abdication of Gregory XII., and the deposition of John XXII. and Benedict XII., his elec- tion finally extinguishing the great West- ern Schism. Martin presided at the last sessions of the Council of Constance, and the Fathers having separated without discussing the questions of reform, at that period earnestly called for in the Church, Martin undertook to call a new council for the purpose. The council was summoned accordingly, after several years, to meet at Siena, and ultimately assembled at Basel in 1431. Martin died in the same year. MARTIN, EDWARD SANDFORD, an American journalist; bom in "Willow-
