MARTINIQUE 140 MARY I. MARTINIQUE (mar-ti-nek), native name Madiana (ma-de-a'na) , one of the Lesser Antilles, in the West Indies; area, 381 square miles; pop. (1916) 193,- 087, of whom only 10,000 are whites. Sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, and cotton are the main crops, besides about 40,000 acres under cultivation for food products; imports (1918) about $10,500,000, ex- ports about $9,800,000. Chief commercial town Fort-de-France (about 22,000). The island was colonized by the French in 1635. A terrible volcanic eruption of Mont Pelee devasted the island in 1902, reducing the population two-thirds and entirely destroying the city of St- Pierre, where only one survivor remained. The loss of life was over 30,000. MARTINSBURG, a city and county- seat of Berkeley co., W. Va.; on the Pennsylvania, Western Maryland and Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 70 miles W. of Washington, D. C. It contains a hospital, several private educational in- stitutions, an excellent high school, United States court house, and weekly newspapers. It has woolen and hosiery mills, foundry, lime, brass, and phosphate works, the shops of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, quarries, wagon factories, canning factory, etc. Pop. (1910) 10,- 698; (1920) 12,515. MARTIN'S FERRY, a city in Bel- mont CO., 0.; on the Ohio river, on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Wheeling and Lake Erie, and the Pennsylvania rail- roads; almost opposite Wheeling, W. Va. It is located in an iron, bituminous coal, and limestone region; has waterworks, street railroads, iron and nail works, ex- tensive tin mills, machine shops, large manufactories of glass, planing mills, stove works, etc. Pop. (1910) 9,133: (1920) 11,634. MARTYR, one who suffers death or persecution on account of his religious belief. One who, for the sake of a great cause or ruling principle, makes sacri- fice of life, estate, or worldly station. MARTYR, PETER (PIETRO VER- MIGLI), an Italian reformer; born in Florence, Italy, Sept. 8, 1500. He entered the order of the regular canons of St. Augustine at Fiesole in 1516. and in 1519 removed to Padua, where he studied Greek and philosophy. After holding im- portant offices in his order he was com- pelled in 1542 on account of his religious opinions to take refuge in Zurich. Soon after he became Professor of Divinity at Strassburg, and in 1547 accompanied Bu- cer and other reformers, on the invitation of Archbishop Cranmer, to England. In 1556 he removed to Ziirich to occupy the office of theological professor. Martyr was the author of many works on divin- ity, including Biblical commentaries. He died in Zurich, Nov. 12. 1562. MARVEL, IK. See MITCHELL, Don- ald G. MARVELL, ANDREW, an English publicist; born in Winestead, Yorkshire, England, March 31, 1621. He was edu- cated at Cambridge University. After emplojmient abroad he became secretary to the poet Milton. Charles II. delighted in his wit and conversation. Marvell steadily refused to sacrifice his personal and political integrity. Attempts were made to win his influence. "Honest Andrew Marvell" died in London, Aug. 18, 1678. MAR WAR (mar' war), or JODHPUR (jod-por'), a state of Hindustan, tribu- tary to the British; area, 34,963 square miles ; pop. about 2,200,000. Marwar may be taken as the type of the old Rajpoot states of India. The country consists generally of open plains, the hills being almost confined to the S.; the soil, almost everywhere watered by torrents and afflu- ents of the Loonee, or Salt river, pro- duces heavy crops of barley and other kinds of grain; the inhabitants are chiefly Rajpoots. Capital, Jodhpur, 100 miles W. S. W. of Ajmeer. MARX, KARL (marks), a German socialist, born in Treves, May 5, 1818. He studied jurisprudence, philosophy, and history at Bonn and Berlin; edited the "Journal of the Rhine," 1842-1843; on its suppression went to Paris, but was expelled from there (1845) and took refuge at Brussels; founded the "New Journal of the Rhine" at Cologne (1848) ; expelled again from Prussia (1849), set- tled in London. He was the controlling spirit of the International, 1864-1872. His great work was "Das Kapital'* (Capital: 1867; new ed. 1885). Vol. I, containing all the essential points of his theory, was translated into English (Lon- don, 1887). The entire work appeared in an English translation in 1893. He died in London, March 14, 1883. Marx's phi- losophy in distorted form became the foundation of the Bolshevist and other radical movements which were the after- math of the World War. See Bol- shevism. MARY (Hebrew Miriam), called in the New Testament the Mother of Jesus. MARY OF MAGDALA. See Magda- len. MARY I. (MARY TUDOR), Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and
