MONISM 279 MONKEY Eadical Socialist party in 1891. Minis- ter of Justice in 1899-1902. Vice-Presi- dent of the Senate, and Premier in March, 1911. He was succeeded in 1911 as Premier by Caillaux when the Cham- ber voted a lack of confidence in the Government. In December, 1913, he be- came Minister of Marine in the Cabinet of Dumergue. The "Figai'o" newspaper charged that in 1911 Caillaux had in- duced him to hold up the trial of the swindling promoter Rochette until the charge was outlawed and Monis resigned. MONISM, a philosophical theory that all being may ultimately be referred to one category. Thus idealism, pantheism, materialism are monisms, as opposed to the dualism of matter and spirit. See Philosophy. MONITOR, the type of a family of lizards (Varanidse). They are the largest of the lizard order, some species, such as the V. Niloticus of the Nile and Egypt, attaining a length of six feet. They gen- erally inhabit the neighborhood of rivers and lakes, and feed upon the eggs of crocodiles, turtles, and aquatic birds. MONITOR, the popular name for a class of very shallow, heavily-armed iron- clad steam vessels, invented by Ericsson, carrying on their open decks either one or two revolving turrets, each containing one or more enormous guns, and designed to combine the maximum of gun-power with the minimum of exposure. Monitors are so called from the name of the first vessel of the kind, built during the Amer- ican Civil War, which proved its^ supe- riority in a famous engagement with the "Merrimac" in 1862, at Hampton Roads, at the mouth of James river, Va. The fight between the "Monitor" and the "Merrimac" was a terrific one, and lasted nearly four hours, the two vessels touch- ing each other part of the time. The "Merrimac" at last gave up the contest, badly damaged, and so much disabled as to require the aid of tugs to get her away. The "Monitor" was uninjured. As the first encounter of iron-clad ves- sels, this contest created much interest in all maritime nations, though nowhere except in the United States navy was the monitor adopted as a distinct type of warship. The construction of monitors is thought to have led to that of torpedo boats. MONK, a male religious living in com- munity (except the Chartreux and Ca- maldoli, who are strictly solitary) , bound by rule and practicing the counsels of perfection. The name was in universal use till the rise of the friars in the 13th century. MONK, GEORGE, DUKE OF AL- BEMARLE, an English military com- mander; born in Fotheridge, Devonshire, England, Dec. 6, 1608. Being a younger son, he entered the army as a volunteer, and served under his relation Sir Richard Grenville, in an expedition to Spain, and afterward served for some years in the Netherlands. On the breaking out of the war between Charles I. and the Scots, in 1639, he obtained a colonel's commission, and attended the king in both his expeditions to the N. When the Irish rebellion began in 1641, the lords- justices appointed him governor of Dub- lin. On his return to England he was sent to relieve Nantwich, where he was taken prisoner by the army of the Parlia- ment, and sent to the Tower, where he remained till 1646. The royal cause being ruined, he obtained his liberty on condition of taking a command in Ireland, and concluded a peace with the rebels, which displeased Parliament. Cromwell made him Lieutenant-General, and gave him the chief command in Scotland. Monk distinguished himself at the battle of Dunbar, and afterward in the war with the Dutch. On the decease of the Protector and the resignation of power by his son, he took advantage of his posi- tion to crush the republicans, and recall Charles II. to the throne, and was as a reward created Duke of Albemarle. In 1664 he was appointed admiral of the fleet in conjunction with Prince Rupert, and in 1666 obtained a great victory over the Dutch. He died Jan. 3, 1670, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. MONKEY, in forging, a vertical ham- mer, consisting of a long bar of iron, running loosely through an eye, several feet above the anvil, and terminating at the foot of a mass of iron, called the ram. The shaft is raised by a chain and drum driven by the engine and has an automatic releasing apparatus, which i« regulated to drop the monkey at the I'e- quired height, say with a range of from 2 to 5 feet. In pile-driving, the weight of a pile or post driver, which is raised by a grapple and chain, and, being de- tached, is allowed to fall in its guides onto the head of the pile. In zoology (1) A popular name for any one of the quadrumanous mammals having a well developed tail, those wanting tails being called apes. (2) A quadrumanous mam- mal having a tail and callosities, but no cheek pouches. The Capuchin monkey is the genus Cebus; the Diana monkey, Cercopithecus diana; the howling mon- key is the genus Mycetes; the proboscis monkey is Semnopithecus larvatus; the sacred monkey is the Semnopithecus en-
