MUNTJAC 350 MUBAT bgy at Harvard University, and from that time on most of his work was done in the United States. In 1910-1911 he returned to Germany as the Harvard exchange professor at the University of Berlin. The latter part of his life was given to the attempt to make practical application of the psychological _ princi- ples taught by him. During the' period before the United States entered the war against Germany he wrote exten- sively in support of his country's cause. MUNTJAC, or MUNTJACK, Cervulus, a genus of deer, indigenous in the S. and E. parts of Asia and the adjacent islands. They are diminutive animals, with small and simple antlers in the males, which have the upper canines strongly developed and sharp, curving downward, and capable of inflicting deep and dangerous wounds. Four species are known: C. vmntjac, C. lacrymans, C. reevesi, and C. crinifrons, the hairy- fronted muntjac. MTJNZER, THOMAS (miint'ser), a leader of the Anabaptists iq. v.); born in Stolberg, in the Harz, about 1489. He studied theology, and in 1520 began to preach at Zwickau. His Christian social- ism and his mystical doctrines soon brought him into collision with the Re- formers and the town authorities. He thereupon made a preaching tour through Bohemia, Silesia, Brandenburg, and set- tled in Thuringia (1523). Again deprived of his office, he visited Nuremberg, Basel, and other S. German cities, and was finally in 1525 elected pastor of the Ana- baptists of Miihlhausen, where he won the common people, notwithstanding Lu- ther's denunciations of him, introduced his communistic ideas, and soon had the whole country in insurrection. But on May 15, 1525, he and his men were totally routed at Frankenhausen by Philip of Hesse. Miinzer escaped from the battle field, but was captured in flight and executed in Miihlhausen, Prussian Saxony, May 30, 1525. MURAD v.. Sultan of Turkey; born Sept. 21, 1840. He was son of Abdul- Medjid, and he succeeded to the throne on the forcible deposition of Abdul Aziz, Aug. 31, 1876, but was deposed in the course of the same year on account of insanity, and was succeeded by his younger brother Abdul -H amid II. {q.v.). He died in 1904. MURAL ARCH, a wall, or walled arch, placed exactly in the plane of the merid- ian line for fixing a large quadrant, sex- tant, or other instrument, to observe the meridian altitudes, etc., of the heavenly bodies. MURAL CIRCLE, an astronomical instrument consisting of a graduated circle, furnished with a telescope and firmly affixed to a wall, in the plane of the meridian. It is used for determin- ing with great accuracy altitudes and zenith distances, from which may be found declinations and polar distances, and has a graduated circle secured at right angles to its horizontal axis. See Transit. MURAL CROWN, the corona muralis of the Romans; a wreath, chaplet, or crown of gold, indented and embattled, given by the Romans to the soldier who first mounted a breach in storming a town. MURAL DECORATION, the embellish- ment of walls. It dates from very an- cient times. The Egyptian and Etruscan monuments form an integral and impor- tant part of the history of painting, and have helped to mold the development of certain styles of art. Incised work and reliefs have been largely employed. The Greeks tinted their temples and "picked out" their sculptured friezes and pediments with color; colored bricks were used in Assyrian, and wall tiles in Mos- lem, architecture. Some of the Roman walls were built of tufa and red brick, colored brick, terra-cotta, and variegated arrangements of marble were largely used in Italy. The plaster work known as sgraffito is especially adapted for this use. Many English churches of the mediseval period have been built of flint and stone, and much Tudor work of parti- colored brick. Distemper and fresco are described in separate articles; water glass is a silicate process of which there is an example in the English Houses of Parliament. Mosaic work is extensively used in floors and ceilings, but also oc- casionally employed in mural decoration, MURANO (mo-ra'no), an island and town of Italy, about a mile N. of Venice; it is famous as the seat of the Venetian glass manufacture — an industry estab- lished in the 13th century, and revived in 1860 by Antonio Salviati (1816-1890). It possesses a fine 12th-century cathedral, and another church with some valuable pictures, including Paul Veronese's "St. Jerome in the Desert." Pop. about 6,000. MURAT. JOACHIM (mii-ra'), a French military oflicer; bom in Bastide, Lot, France, March 25, 1771. He was the son of an innkeeper at Cahors, and was intended for the Church, but escap- ing from the College of Toulouse, he enlisted as a chasseur, but was shortly after dismissed for insubordination. On the formation of the constitutional guard.
