NAPOLEON I. 374 NAPOLEON I. for a renewal of the fight. Napoleon did great things during its continuance. He reformed the whole civil administration of the country, pacified Vendee, recalled the emigres, reopened the churches, con- cluded a new Concordat with the Pope, created the Order of the "Legion of Honor," instituted the Bank of France, and urged the Code Napoleon to an end. In 1804 he became Emperor of the French. Six months later he erected the latter, 80,000 strong, had advanced to Ulm, in Wiirttemberg. Crossing France and the S. of Germany with incredible rapidity. Napoleon defeated the Aus- trians in several actions, and at length shut up 30,000 in Ulm, where they were forced to capitulate the very day before the battle of Trafalgar. Advancing then at the head of 180,000 men down the valley of the Danube, he captured Vienna and totally defeated the combined Aus- NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA Cis-Alpine Republic into a kingdom, and crowned himself King of Italy at Milan. In the meantime, England, after having refused to execute the treaty of Amiens, had again commenced hostilities in 1803, as also did Austria, Russia, and the Two Sicilies in 1807. Napoleon, who was meditating an invasion of England, had the mortification of seeing the combined fleets of France and Spain destroyed by Nelson at Trafalgar; but on the conti- nent of Europe he compensated this loss by a succession of triumphs. Russia had joined Austria, and the army of the trian and Russian armies, under the Em- peror Alexander in person, on Dec. 2. This catastrophe drove Austria to a sep- arate peace. In the next year Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Jena and Auerstadt. Prussia was speedily over- run, Berlin taken, and the remnant of their armies driven back to the Vistula, where they were supported by the Rus- sians, who now came up in great strength. The victories of Eylau (Feb. 8, 1807), and Friedland (July 14) led to the treaty of Tilsit, which, virtually de- stroying all lesser powers, in effect
