NEWCASTLE 426 Louisville, and Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroads. The State village for epileptics is two miles N. of the city. The city is the center of an important farming region and is also an industrial center of importance. It has manufactories of sheet iron, steel, automobiles, clothing, pianos, bricks etc. Pop. (1910) 9,446; (1920) 14,458. NEWCASTLE, a city and county-seat of Lawrence co., Pa.; at the confluence of the Neshannock and the Shenango rivers, and on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore and ()hio, and the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh railroads; 50 miles N. E. of Pittsburgh. It contains the Shenango Valley Hospital, water- works, electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, daily and weekly news- papers, and several National banks. It is in a section rich in sandstone and limestone, iron ore, fire clay, and bitu- minous coal. It has manufactories of sewer pipe, glass, fire brick, iron, steel, boilers, etc. Pop. (1910) 36,280; (1920) 44,938. NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME, a par- liamentary and municipal borough of Staffordshire, England, on the Lyme brook, 147 miles N. W. by N. of London. Brewing, malting, and the making of paper and army clothing are the prin- cipal industries, while the surrounding district is noted for its potteries, and numerous coal mines are worked. Pop. about 21,000, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, a city in Northumberland co., England, on the Tyne, 54 miles E. of Carlisle. It is built on an acclivity extending along the river on the site of an old Roman camp. The principal buildings are St. Nicholas Church, the Mansion House, the Trinity House, Exchange, and Moot Hall. In Grey street is erected a column 136 feet high, and surmounted by a colossal statue of Earl Grey. The chief manu- factures are glass, pottery, chemicals, ii-on, tin, and other metal goods. Ship building is carried on largely. Its im- portance is mainly owing to the coal trade from the mines along both banks of the Tyne. The proverbial expression, "Carrying coals to Newcastle," bears allusion to this city. The port of New- castle is fourth in rank in dreat Britain, op. about 300,000. NEW-CHWANG, or NIIT-CHWANG, a city of China, province of Manchuria, on the Liao river, 20 miles from its mouth and 120 from Mukderi. By the treaty of Tientsin (1858) New-chwang was opened to foreign trade. From the NEWELL accumulation of alluvial soil in the lower reaches of the river, vessels are obliged to load and discharge at Ying-tzu, at its mouth. It is there the Europeans are settled, and they call Ying-tzu by the name of the treaty port New-chwang — which latter is now a greatly decayed place. Ying-tzu imports cotton, woolen, and silk goods, sugar, paper, metals, opium, tobacco, etc. Large quantities of salt are manufactured in the vicinity. The port was captured by the Japanese in March, 1895; in 1896 provision was made for connecting it with the Siberian railway. The port is closed four or five months from November with ice. Since 1872 Scotch Presbyterian missionaries have been working here; there is also a Roman Catholic mission. Pop. about 65,000. NEWCOMB, SIMON, an American as- tronomer; born in Wallace, N. S., March 12, 1835; was educated by his father; came to the United States in 1853; taught in Maryland for two years; stud- ied at the Lawrence Scientific School in Cambridge, graduating in 1858. In 1861 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the United States navy and assigned to the United States Naval Observatory in Washington. While there he negotiated the contract for the 26-inch telescope authorized by Con- gress, and supervised its construction. He was connected with the "American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac"; as- sociated with the equipment of the Lick observatory in California; was secretary of the commission appointed by the United States Government to observe the transit of Venus, Dec. 9, 1874; and in 1884 became Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity. He contributed largely to as- tronomical literature, especially along mathematical lines. Among his numer- ous books are: "Popular Astronomy" (1878) ; "His Wisdom the Defender" (1900) ; etc. He died July 11, 1909. NEWELL, FREDERICK HAYNES, civil engineer and author. Bom at Brad- ford, Pa., in 1862, he graduated in 1885 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and afterward engaged in mining in Colorado, In 1888 he became assistant hydraulic engineer to the United States Geological Survey, becom- ing successively hydrographer, chief engineer, and director in the United States Reclamation Service, Since_ 1914 he has been professor of civil engineer- ing at the University of Illinois. His works include: Agriculture by Irriga- tion"; "Public Lands of the United States"; "Engineering as a Career."
