Catholic Duke of York, from the succession to the throne, but retired from public life when the Exclusion Bill was rejected. When the Rye House Plot was discovered in 1683, Russell was arrested on a charge of high treason, and though nothing was proved against him the law was stretched to secure his conviction. He was sentenced to death, and was beheaded in London, July 21, 1683. An act was passed in 1689 reversing his attainder.
RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK, an English novelist; born (of English parentage) in New York City, Feb. 24, 1844. He spent much of his early life at sea, and afterward settled at Ramsgate, England. He published a great number of sea stories and novels, among which are: “The Wreck of the Grosvenor” (1878); “A Sailor's Sweetheart” (1880); “My Watch Below” (1883); “A Sea Queen” (1883); “The Frozen Pirate” (1887); “Marooned” (1889); “The Romance of Jenny Harlowe” (1889); and “The Good Ship Mohock” (1895); “List Ye Landsmen,” “The Two Captains,” and “Nelson” (1897); “The Romance of a Midshipman” (1898); “The Ship's Adventure” (1899); “His Island Princess” (1905). He died in 1911.
RUSSELL, WILLIAM EUSTIS, an American lawyer; born in Cambridge, Mass., Jan 6, 1857; was graduated at Harvard University in 1877, and was admitted to the bar in 1880; was mayor of his native city in 1885-1887, and governor of Massachusetts in 1890-1892. He then resumed the practice of law, and became a member of the Board of Indian Commissioners in November, 1894. He was found dead in his fishing tent at Little Pabos, Quebec, Canada, on the morning of July 16, 1896.
RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD, an English journalist; born in Lilyvale near Dublin, March 28, 1820. He was special correspondent of the London “Times” in the Danish War in Schleswig-Holstein (1850); in the Crimea (1854-1855); in India during the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-1859); in the Italian campaign (1859); in the United States during the Civil War, and known as “Bull Run Russell” and its war correspondent in the Austro-Prussian War (1866); in the Franco-German War of 1870; in the war in South Africa (1879-1880); in the Egyptian War (1883-1885). He published: “Extraordinary Men” (1853); “The Crimean War” (1855-1856); “My Diary in India”; “My Diary During the Last Great War” (1873); “The Prince of Wales's Tour” (1877); “Hesperothen” (1882); and others. He received various honors from foreign governments and was knighted in 1895 in recognition of his achievements. He died Feb. 11, 1907.
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION, an organization incorporated in 1907 for the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States. The institution was established by Mrs. Russell Sage, with an endowment of $10,000,000. Its work is chiefly devoted to research and publication. There are a Division of Statistics and Education, a Department of Recreation, a Division of Industrial Studies, a Division of Remedial Loans, a Department of Surveys and Exhibits, a Charity Organization Department, and a Department of Child Helping. Besides extensive research work in these various departments, the results of which were embodied in many publications, the Foundation also supervised the development of a modern suburban community at Forest Hills Gardens, Long Island, N. Y. During the war, practically the entire staff and resources of the Foundation were put at the disposal of the government and the various welfare organizations engaged in work for soldiers and their dependents. The headquarters of the Foundation are at 130 East Twenty-second street, New York City. In 1920, R. W. de Forest was president, and John M. Glenn, secretary and general director.
RUSSIA—THE RUSSIAN FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC, formerly one of the most powerful empires of the world, second only in extent to the British empire. It comprehended most of eastern Europe and all northern Asia, and was bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean; W. by Sweden, the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic, Prussia, Austria, and Rumania; S. by the Black Sea, Turkey in Asia, Persia, Afghanistan, the Chinese empire; E. by the Pacific and Bering Strait. The total area was 8,647,657 square miles, and the population in excess of 180,000,000.
The largest towns were St. Petersburg (Petrograd), Moscow, Warsaw, Odessa, Lodz, Riga, Kieff, Kharkoff and Tiflis.
European Russia included the Sea of Azof, the Vistula provinces (former Poland), and Finland; Russia proper was subdivided into 50 provinces; Archangel, Astrakhan, Bessarabia, Courland, Don Cossacks, Ekaterinoslaf, Esthonia, Grodno, Kaluga, Kazan, Kharkoff, Kherson, Kieff, Kostroma, Kovno, Kursk, Livonia, Minsk, Mohilev, Moscow, Nijni-Novgorod, Novgorod, Olonetz, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Podolia, Poltava, Pskof, Riazan, S. Petersburg, Samara, Saratoff, Simbirsk, Smolensk, Tambof, Taurida,
