SAND EEL 229 SAND LIZARD Ocean, and is remarkable for the rapidity of its motions. SAND EEL, in ichthyology, a popular name for the genus Ammodytes, and espe- cially for A. lanceolatus, called also the greater, to distinguish it from A. tobianus, the lesser sand eel. They live in shoals, and are much sought after by fishermen, who discover their presence on the sur- face by watching the porpoises which feed on them. SANDEMANIANS, in Church history, the followers of Robert Sandeman, who in the latter part of the 18th century introduced into England and America the doctrine of the Glassites (q. v.). The body is not numerous. They have a weekly communion, and dine together every Lord's day, admit new members with a kiss of charity, abstain from blood, wash each other's feet, and each member is bound, to the full extent of his income, to support his Church and the poor. SANDERLING, in ornithology, Cal- lidris arenaria, described by Saunders as "a Tringa without a hind toe," a winter visitant, arriving about the beginning of August and leaving about April. The adult male is about eight inches long, female slightly larger. The summer plumage is somber on the upper surface, edged with red, the whole becoming light ash gray in winter; under surface pure white. SANDERS, LIMAN VON (LIMAN PASHA), a German general, sent to Tur- key in 1913 as the head of a mission to reorganize the Turkish Army on a modern Prussian basis, the Turks having just been badly beaten by the Bulgarians, Greeks and Serbians in the Balkan War. In his task, General Von Sanders was assisted by General Von der Goltz. In May, 1914, Von Sanders issued sealed orders for the mobilization of the Turkish reserves and had them distributed among the mayors of all communities through- out the empire. According to instructions these orders were opened on Aug. 3, 1914, with the result that the Turkish Army automatically put itself on a war footing regardless of the situation in Constan- tinople. Von Sanders had command of the defense of the Dardanelles, and dur- ing the heavy fighting established his headquarters in Gallipoli. In August, 1915, he took command of the Turkish armies on the Caucasus front. When the war was ended he was arrested by the Allies in Constantinople, but early in 1919 was allowed to return to Germany. SANDERSON, JULIA, an American singer and actress, born in Springfield, Mass., in 1887. She was educated in the public schools and made her first appear- ance with the Forepaugh Stock Company in Philadelphia. She afterward played as star in many operas and plays. SAND FLIES (genus Simulium), the name of certain flies found in various countries, the bite of which may give rise to painful swellings. They are included in the family Tipulidas, which also in- cludes the well-known "daddy long legs," or crane flies. SAND GROUSE, in ornithology, the family Pteroclidse, called also rock pigeons. Elegantly formed birds, with pointed tails, and plumage of beautifully varied protective tints. They are pre- eminently desert birds, and are found in great numbers in the most arid situations and on the most open and barren plains. Their food consists of hard seed and in- sects. Pterocles setarius is the pin-tailed sand grouse, and Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas's sand grouse. SAND HOPPER, in zoology: (1), the genus Talitrus, and especially T. locusta; (2) The genus Gammarus. SAN DIEGO, a city, port of entry, and county-seat of San Diego co., Cal. ; on San Diego Bay, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Los Angeles and San Diego Beach, the San Diego and Arizona, and the San Diego and South- western railroads; 120 miles S. E. of Los Angeles. Next to San Francisco, its har- bor is considered the finest on the Pacific coast. _ No milder or more uniform cli- mate is to be found, and this has made the city one of the most popular health resorts in the United States. Here are a United States custom house, public library, Academy of Our Lady of Peace (R. C), street railroad and electric light plants, National, State, and private banks, and several daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The Army and Navy De- partments have large tracts on the bay frontage for coaling stations and forti- fications. The city has machine shops, foundry, furniture factories, fertilizer works, salt works, carriage and wagon factories, flour and planing mills, etc. The first Mission in California was founded here in 1769, and the city was laid out in 1867. The monument on the Mexi- can boundary, La Jolla cave, Sweetwater dam, and the San Diego Mission are ob- jects of interest. Pop. (1910) 39,578; (1920) 74,683. SAND LIZARD, in zoology, the La- certa agilis, about seven inches long, of which the tail is four; palatal teeth. Usual color sandy-brown, with obscure longitudinal bands of a darker due, line of round black spots on side. The female
