•; C ( W ARZBURG-SONDERSH AUSEN 287 SCHWEIDNITZ manufactures are glass and porcelain. The inhabitants are mostly Lutherans. The capital is Rudolstadt. Pop. about 100,000. SCHWARZBTJRQ-SONDERSHAUSEN, a former German principality on the N. side of the Thuringian Forest, between the territories of Prussian Saxony and the Saxon duchies, since 1919 a part of the Republic of Thuringia, a state in the German Republic ; area, 333 square miles. It is more fertile than Schwarzburg-Ru- dolstadt, producing corn for export. One of the principal sources of revenue _ is derived from the forests, which furnish excellent timber. Flax also is extensive- ly cultivated, and great numbers of cat- tle, sheep, and swine are reared. The only manufacture of any importance is porcelain. The inhabitants are almost all Lutherans. The capital is Sonders- hausen. Pop. about 90,000. SCHWAEZENBERG, a princely family of Germany, the head of which was raised (1429) by the Emperor Sigismund to the dignity of Baron of the Empire. Three of this family have acquired a European reputation. Adam, Count of Schwarzen- berg, born in 1584, became (1619) prime minister and adviser of George William, Elector of Brandenburg. He was all pow- erful during the Thirty Years' War, and brought down terrible calamities on Brandenburg by his obstinate refusal to join the Protestant union and his firm adherence to a policy of neutrality. He died in prison, 1641, shortly after the death of his master. Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg; born in Vi- enna, April 15, 1771, and first served against the Turks. In the war against the French republic he fought with es- pecial honor at the battles of Cateau- Cambresis (1794), Wurzburg (1796), and Hohenlinden (1800), and reached the grade of lieutenant field marshal. He was under the orders of Mack in the campaign of 1805 ; and when he saw that Ulm was lost he cut his way through the French army and retired to Eger. He was ambassador at the Russian court in 1808 by the express wish of the Emperor Alexander, fought at Wagram in 1809, and conducted the negotiations for the marriage between Napoleon and Maria Louisa. In this capacity and as ambas- sador at Paris he so far gained the es- teem of Napoleon that the latter express- ly demanded him as General-in-Chief of the Austrian contingent which was sent to aid France in the invasion of Russia in 1812. Schwarzenberg passed the Bug and achieved some slight successes, but was driven into the "duchy of Warsaw," where, acting on 8»cret instructions from Napoleon, he took up a position at Pul- tusk and remained inactive. In the fol- lowing year he was appointed to the command of the Austrian army of obser- vation in Bohemia; and, when Austria joined the allied powers he became gen- eralissimo of the united armies and won the great battles of Dresden and Leip- sic. The year after (1814) he marched into France and captured Paris. He died of apoplexy in Leipsic, Oct. 15, 1820. His nephew, Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich, born Oct. 2, 1800, was sent on a diplomatic mission to London in 1826, was ambassador at Naples in 1846, dis- tinguished himself in the Italian cam- paign of 1848, was placed at the head of affairs at Vienna, called in the aid of the Russians against Hungary, and pursued a bold absolutist policy, his object being to make Austria supreme among the German states. He died in Vienna, April 5, 1852. SCHWATKA, FREDERICK, an American Arctic explorer; born in Ga- lena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1871, and served as a lieutenant of cavalry on the frontier till 1877, mean- while being also admitted to the Ne- braska bar and taking a medical degree in New York. In 1878-1880 he com- manded an expedition to King William's Land which discovered and buried the skeletons of several of Sir John Frank- lin's party, and gathered information which filled up all gaps in the narratives of Rae and McClintock, besides perform- ing a notable sledge journey of 3,251 miles. After exploring the course of the Yukon in Alaska, in 1885 he resigned his commission. In 1886 he commanded the New York "Times" Alaskan expedition, and ascended Mount St. Elias to a height of 7,200 feet; in 1891 he led another party to Alaska which opened up some 700 miles of new country in the same quarter; and in 1889 he led an expedi- tion, for the journal "America," into Chi- huahua, in northern Mexico. He pub- lished "Along Alaska's Great River" (1885) ; "Nimrod in the North" (1885) ; "The Children of the Cold" (1886) ; etc. He died in Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. SCHWEIDNITZ, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, on a height above the Weis- tritz, 29 miles S. W. of Breslau. Its manufactures include machinery, wool- ens, linens, furniture, earthenware, car- riages, gloves, beer, and spirits. It was made a regular fortress by Frederick the Great, and figured much during his wars. During its last siege, in 1807, it was taken in 36 days by the French and its outworks were dismantled. Its fortifi-
