RHODES 24 RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS RHODES, CHARLES DUDLEY, an American military officer, born at Dela- ware> Ohio, in 1865. He was educated at the George Washington University, and the United States Military Acad- emy, from which he graduated in 1889. After having been appointed in the same year 2nd lieutenant in the 7th Cavalry, he successively rose through the various ranks, to major-general in 1918. He served in the Sioux Indian Campaign of 1890-1, in the Spanish-American War, in the Boxer (China) Relief Expedition, in the Philippine Islands (1900-1903), and in the World War, in which he com- manded the 157th Field Artillery Bri- gade during the Aisne-Marne, the St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne offen- sives. Later he commanded the 42nd and 34th Divisions, served as chief of the American section of the Permanent Interallied Armistice Commission (1918- 19), and as commanding general of Base Section 2 at Bordeaux, France. In 1919-20 he was in command of the Gen- eral Staff College. From 1903 to 1906, and again from 1909 to 1912, he was assigned to duty with the General Staff Corps, and from 1914 to 1917 com- manded the Mounted Service Schools. He was awarded the D. S. M. and was made a Knight Commander of the Bath, and a Commander of the Legion of Honor. He wrote and lectured exten- sively on military subjects. RHODES, HARRISON (GARFIELD), an American author, born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1871. He was educated at Har- vard, and for a number of years was actively engaged in the publishing busi- ness, both in this country and in Eng- land. Besides many stories and articles in magazines, he also wrote "The Lady and the Ladder" (1906) ; "Charles Ed- ward" (1907) ; "The Flight to Eden" (1907); "In Vacation America" (1915). Among his plays were "Modern Mar- riage," "The Whirl of Society," "Rug- gles of Red Gap," "The Willow Tree" (with Benrimo), "A Gentleman from Mississippi," "An Old New Yorker," and "Mr. Barnum," the last three with Thomas A. Wise. RHODES, JAMES FORD, an Ameri- can historian; born in Cleveland, O., May 1, 1848. He was educated at the Universities of New York and Chicago; spent some years in study abroad, and engaged in business till 1891. He wrote "History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850" (new ed. 1906) ; "Historical Essays" (1909) ; "History of the Civil War" (1917) ; "History of the United States, 1877-1896" (1919), etc. He was awarded the Loubat Prize from Berlin Academy of Science, 1901; gold medal National Institute of Arts and Letters, 1910; Pulitzer Prize, Columbia University, 1918; and many honorary degrees from American and foreign uni- versities. He was an ex-president of the American Historical Society and a member of many domestic and foreign societies. RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS, THE, fel- lowships for general study at Oxford University, England, established, to the number of 189, under the will of Cecil John Rhodes (q. v.) for the purpose of perpetuating, in so far as possible, the idea of dominant Anglo-Saxon leader- ship, by educating Anglo-Saxon youths of proper attainment. For this purpose the founder divided the allotment of stu- dents between South Africa, Austral- asia, Canada, the Atlantic Islands, the West Indies, the United States, and Ger- many. The United States received 96 scholarships. The arrangement for the election of the American scholars has been so settled as to provide for the election of scholars in 32 States each year and, in several of the States, the matter of designating the students has become established by rotation among the institutions of higher learning. ^ The candidates are required to qualify in ex- aminations covering Latin, Greek, and elementary mathematics. They must be men 20 to 25 years of age and must have attended a recognized institution of advanced educational standard for at least two years. In addition, a Rhodes scholar must be unmarried and a citizen of the United States to qualify for an appointment from the United States. The effect of these requirements has been to secure as incumbents of these scholarships men who have passed be- yond the general age at which the Eng- lish schoolboy enters his university. This has insured a more serious and mature type of man and when taken in connec- tion with the rigorous personal qualifi- cations demanded in the selection of can- didates, it has been productive of a very high grade of scholarship and character among the students which may be ex- pected to react in the form of social influence, somewhat approximating the desire which the donor expressed in his will when he said that it remained his belief that "a good understanding be- tween England, Germany and the United States will secure the peace of the world, and that educational relations form the strongest tie." Awarded on a basis of points and taken from a unit of ten, the founder suggested the following sig- nificant standard: three-tenths for pro- ficiency in literary and scholastic attain- ments; two-tenths for success in outdoor
