SHRUB 412 SHUTTLE SHRUB, in botany, a plant with woody stem and branches like a tree, but of smaller size, not generally exceeding 20 feet in height, and branching near the root, so as to have no main stem of con- siderable height. When a shrub is of small size and much branched, it is often called a bush. Also a liquor composed of acid, particularly lemon juice and sugar, with spirit to preserve it. SHTJFELDT, ROBERT WILSON, an American author, born in New York in 1850. He was educated at Cornell Uni- versity, and in 1876 received the degree of M.D. from Columbian (now George Washington) University. During the Civil War he served as a midshipman. In 1876 he was commissioned 1st lieuten- ant, medical department, United States Army, retiring in 1891 with the rank of major. From 1876 to 1881 he served as surgeon during the Indian wars. In 1882 he became curator of the Army Med- ical Museum, Washington. He was a member of many domestic and foreign scientific societies. His numerous publi- cations include, besides some 1,300 arti- cles on medicine, science, travel, etc., "Scientific Taxidermy for Museums" (1894) ; "The Negro" (1907) ; "Osteol- ogy of Birds" (1909), etc. SHUMAGIN ISLANDS, a group of islands lying S. W. of Kodiak, Alaska. The largest is Unga, on which is a Fed- eral judicial station. Fox farming is car- ried on in several of the islands. The headquarters of the Alaskan cod fishing is in Unga. SHTJMLA, or SHUMA, a fortified town of Bulgaria; on the Little Balkan, to the N. of the main range, at an eleva- tion of 800 feet; 50 miles W. of Varna; and 60 S. E. of Rustchuk. It is of great strategical importance, commanding as it does the roads from the fortresses in the Lower Danube and in the Dobrudscha, and those from the E. passes of the Bal- kans. It is closed in on the N. and W. by mountains, and looks out to the E. and S. on an open plain where grain and the vine are cultivated and where there is extensive silk culture. Surrounded by high massive walls, it is further de- fended by a citadel on the heights, and by several forts. The town has many mosques, large barracks for cavalry and artillery as well as infantry, an arsenal, military hospital, etc. There are manu- factures of copper and tin wares, silk, leather, and wearing apparel. A great fair is held in June. The Russians failed to take the town in 774, 1810, and 1828. No attempt on it was made in the war of 1877-1878, but the place was evacuated by the Turks on the conclusion of peace. Pop. about 22,000. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, a coeduca- tional institution in Upper Alton, 111.; founded in 1835 under the auspices of the Baptist Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 15; students, 198; president, G. M. Potter, A.M. SHTJSTER, W(ILLIAM) MORGAN, an American lawyer and editor, born in Washington, D. C, in 1877. He gradu- ated from the Central High School in 1893, and studied law at Columbian Uni- versity and Law School. He served in various government departments, and was insular collector of customs at Manila from 1901 to 1906. From 1906 to 1909 he was a member of the Philippine Com- mission, and secretary of public instruc- tion in the Philippines. From May, 1911, to January, 1912, he served as treasurer- general and financial adviser of Persia. His administration of the finances of this country were widely praised, but he was obliged to resign on account of the in- trigues of Russia. Returning to the United States, he engaged in business, and in 1915 became president of the Century Co., and editor of the "Century Maga- zine." SHUTE, HENRY AUGUSTUS, an American author, born in Exeter, N. H. t in 1856. He was educated at Harvard University, and in 1882 was admitted to the bar. In 1883 he became judge of the police court of his native town. He wrote "Real Diary of a Real Boy" and "Sequel" (1904) ; "Letters to Beany and Love Let- ters of Plupy Shute" (1905) ; "Real Boys" (1905) ; "A Few Neighbors" (1906) ; "A Profane and Somewhat Unreliable His- tory of Exeter" (1907) ; "The Country Band" (1908) ; "Farming It" (1909) ; "A Country Lawyer" (1911); "Plupy" (1912) ; "Misadventures of Three Good Boys" (1914) ; "The Youth Plupy" (1917) ; "The Lad with the Downy Chin" (1917). SHUTTLE, SCHYTTYL, or SHYT- TELL, in weaving, an instrument used by weavers for shooting or passing the thread of the weft from one side of the web to the other, between the threads of the warp. It is a boat-shaped piece of wood, which carries a bobbin or cop con- taining the yarn of the weft or woof. The shuttle sometimes has wheels to fa- cilitate its motion. It is thrown by hand or by the fly. The fly shuttle was in- vented by John Kay, of Bury, England, in 1733. In a sewing machine, the sliding thread- holder which carries the lower thread be- tween the needle and the upper thread, to
