TOLEDO 427 TOMAHAWK ments in gold, silver, and silk, and con- fections. The best Spanish is said to be spoken here. Toledan sword blades, fa- mous since old Roman times, are still made. Pop. about 22,000. Province, area 5,919 square miles; pop. 440,000. Toledo, the Toletum of the Romans, is of very early origin. It was the capital of the Goths during their dominion; in 714 it fell into the possession of the Moors, who retained it till 1085, when it was permanently annexed to the crown of Castile as capital. In the days of its highest prosperity it is said to have con- tained 200,000 inhabitants. It was the headquarters of the Inquisition. The university, founded in 1498, is long since extinct. The whole place has now a dilapidated and broken-down appear- ance. TOLENTINO (to-len-te'no), a small town of Central Italy, in the province of Macerata, with a fine cathedral. Here Pope Pius VI., in 1797, concluded a humiliating peace with Bonaparte, and in the neighborhood, in 1815, Murat, at the head of the Neapolitans, was defeated by the Austrians under Bianchi. Pop. (1901) 12,875. TOLSTOY, COUNT LYOF (or LEV, English LEO) NIKOLAIEVITCH, a Russian novelist; bom on the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana in the prov- ince of Tula, Russia, Sept. 9, 1828. He served in the Crimean War, and after- COUNT LYOF TOLSTOY ward traveled extensively. In 1861 he took up permanent residence on his country estate. Among his earliest works are: "Detsvo" (Childhood), "Otrchestvo" (Boyhood), and "lunost" (Youth); also "Cossacks," "Sevastopol," and a number of military sketches. "War and Peace" was published in 1865-1868; "Anna Karenina" in 1875-1878. His peculiar doctrines are promulgated in "My Confession," "In What My Faith Consists," etc.; many of them are for- bidden in Russia. His later works are: "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1888), "Death of Ivan Ilyitch" (1884-1886); "Master and Man" (1895). Nearly all have been translated into English and most other languages. He died Nov. 20, 1910. TOLTECS, a Mexican race who are supposed to have been supreme in Cen- tral America from the 7th to the 11th centuries. They were completely obliter- ated by the Aztecs (q.v.) and Tezcucans, who held the country when the Spaniards first landed. The latter races were of a martial spirit, but they were indebted for their arts, their civilization, and their religion to their milder predecessors. See Prescott's "History of the Conquest of Mexico," book 1. TOLTT BALSAM, a resin or balsam obtained from a tree of tropical South America, the Myrospermum {Myroxylon) tohnferum or Pemdferum. Tolu balsam has a brownish-yellow color, becomes quite hard and may be formed into a powder, has a pleasant aromatic flavor, and is used in certain medicinal prepara- tions, though having little or no virtue of its own. TOLTJCA (-lo'ka), a town of Mexico, capital of Mexico State; 45 miles W. S. W. of Mexico City, in a valley nearly 8,800 feet above the sea. It contains a fine cathedral, manufactures paints, soap, and candles, and has a thriving trade in pork, sausages, etc. Near the town is the ex- tinct volcano, Nevado de Toluca. Pop. about 33,000. TOM, a river in Siberia, which unites with the Obi near Tomsk; length about 450 miles. TOM, MOUNT, a mountain in Hamp- shire CO., Mass., near Northampton, on the Connecticut river, opposite Mount Holyoke; is about 1,335 feet high. TOMAHAWK, an Indian hatchet or ax used in war and in the chase, not only in hand-to-hand combats, but also by being thrown to a considerable dis- tance so as to strike the object with the sharp edge. The native tomahawks have heads of stone attached by thongs, etc., but steel tomahawks are supplied to the Indians by the governments and traders with whom they deal, and a pipe is usu- ally attached to the poll. A hole is drilled through the bottom of the bowl and the poll of the ax, to meet one pass-
