WILKIE 368 WILL and 3 private schools, with a total enroll- ment of over 15,000. There are exten- sion schools of the University of Penn- sylvania and of Pennsylvania State Col- lege. In the city are 26 banks and trust companies, and total combined savings deposits of $66,978,400 in 1919. The total clearings in that year were $133,- 507,744. There are many wholesale es- tablishments, dealing in over 125 classes of articles. The assessed valuation of the city in 1919 was $79,000,000. The valuation of the products of the manu- facturing industries in the same year was $75,000,000. The city was founded in 1769 and incorporated in 1806. It became a city in 1871. Coal has been mined in the vicinity since the Revolu- tionary period. Pop. (1910) 67,105; (1920) 73,883. WILKIE, SIR DAVID, a Scotch painter; born in Cults, Scotland, Nov. 18, 1785; received his early training at the Trustee's Academy, Edinburgh; en- tered the schools of the Royal Academy, London, in 1805; first exhibited there (1806) "The Village Politicians," which at once established his reputation; was elected an associate of the Academy in 1809, and in 1811 became an academi- cian. In 1825, owing to ill health, he made an extended tour through Italy, Germany, and Spain. In the latter country his style as a painter underwent a marked change when he came under the influence of Velasquez and Murillo. Returning after three years to England, he was appointed (1830) painter in ordinary to the king, and was knighted in 1836. His pictures, such as the "Blind Fiddler," "Rent Day," "Cut Fin- ger," "Rabbit on the Wall," "Penny Wedding," "Cottars' Saturday Night," "Duncan Gray," "Blind Man's Buff," "Chelsea Pensioners Reading the Ga- zette of Waterloo," "John Knox Preach- ing Before the Lords of the Congrega- tion," etc., are well known as engrav- ings. These belong for the most part to his early and best period, when his method was characterized by subdued col- oring and minute and spirited drawing. His later and less successful style is dis- tinguishable by a breadth of treatment which sometimes shows looseness in drawing, and deals chiefly with histori- cal subjects. It is represented by "The Entrance of George IV. Into Holyrood," "The Spanish Council of War," "The Maid of Saragossa," "Napoleon and Pius VII.," and "The Queen's First Council." He died at sea off Gibraltar, June 1, 1841, while returning from a visit to Palestine. WILKINSBURG, a borough of Penn- sylvania, in Allegheny co. It is a resi- dential suburb of Pittsburgh. It has two homes for the aged. Pop. (1910) 18,- 924; (1920) 24,403. WILKIN S-FREEMAN, MARY ELEANOR, an American author; born in Randolph, Mass., in 1862. Her works, studies of New England country life, are : "The Adventures of Ann" (1866) ; "A Humble Romance" (1887), "A New England Nun" (1891), and "Young Luc- retia" (1892), collections of short stories; "Giles Corey, Yeoman" (1893), a play; "Jane Field" (1893), "Pembroke (1894), novels; "The Long Arm" (1895), a $2,000 prize detective story; "Jerome"; "Silence"; "The Love of Par- son Lord"; "Understudies"; etc. She was married to Dr. Charles M. Freeman, Jan. 1, 1902. WILKINSON, WILLIAM CLEAVER, an American educator; born in West- ford, Vt., Oct. 19, 1833; was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1857; and in 1873 became dean of the Depart- ment of Literature and Art in the Chautauqua University, for which he prepared many text-books. In 1892 he became Professor of Poetry at Chicago University. Among his works are: "The Dance of Modern Society" (1869) ; "A Free Lance," etc. (1874) ; "The Bap- tist Principle" (1881); "Webster: An Ode" (1882); "Poems" (1883); essay on "Edwin Arnold" (1884) ; "College Greek Course in English"; "The Epic of Paul"; "The Epic of Saul"; "Poems"; "Paul and the Revolt Against Him" (1914) ; etc. He died in 1920. WILL, in law, the declaration, in proper form, of what a man wills to be performed after his death; usually spoken of as the "last will and testa- ment." The statutes of most of the American States have either placed nuncupative wills under special restrictions, or else reduced them within the same narrow limits as the English statutes. In many of the States they still exist much as they did in England before the above- quoted statute, being limited to a small amount of personal estate. Leaving aside this unimportant exception, it may be said that all wills, whether of real or personal estate, must be in writing, and signed at the foot or end thereof by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, in the presence of two witnesses at least, who must subscribe and attest the will in his presence. The signature must be so placed at, after, following, under, or beside or opposite the end of the will, that it shall be apparent on the face of the will that the testator intended to give
