S H O
Mr Sutton did therefore, a few years ago, propofe, in order to clear the holds of Jhip of the bad air they contain, that the fire-place and afh-place of the copper or boiler inould be both clofed up with fubftantial and tight iron doors ; arid that a copper, or leaden-pipe, of fufficient fize, fhould be laid from the hold into the afh-place, for the draught of air to come in that way to feed the fire. And thus, from the natural elafticity of the air, it fecms plain, that there will be from the hold a conftant difcharge of the air therein con- tained ; and confequently, that the air fo difcharged mull be as conftantly fupplied by frefh air below the hatches, or fuch other communications as are open into the hold ; whereby the fame muft be continually made frefh, and its air rendered more wholfome, and fit for refpiration. And if into this principal pipe, fo'laid into the hold, other pipes are let in communicating refpectively either with the well, or lower decks, it muft follow, that part of the air, con- fumed in feeding- the fire, muft be refpectively drawn out of all fuch places, to which the communication fhall be fo made. Phil. Tranf. N° 462. p. 42, 43. To prevent j2>//>j,whofc bottoms are worm-eaten, from leak- ing, this method has been propoled b . Calk well the infide
- planks, or lining ; then fill the vacant fpaces between the
timbers, and the out and infide planks with boiling pitch, or refin, fo high as the main-gun-deck. The pitch being put in very hot, will run into the fmalleft cranny, and make the Jhip as tight as a bottle. There will be no room left for vermin, as rats, &c. and the pitch will ferve for other ufes when taken out ; therefore the expence will be but fmall.— [° Phil. Tranf. ^476. p. 372. J
Ship of plea/are, among the antients. See the article Tha-
LAMEGUS.
Ship, in the falt-works, is a large ciftern, out of which the falt-pans are fupplied for boiling.
This ciftern is built clofe to the faltern, and is made either of wood, brick, or clay ; and it ought always to be covered with a fhed, that the fea water, contained in it, may be kept clean from foot, and other impurities, and not mixed with frefh water in rains ; and it muft be always placed fo high, that the water will eafily run out of it into the pans, to fupply them for boiling.
SHIRE (Cycl) — SHlftE'f&r!) he that keeps the county-court; and his office is fo incident to that of the {heriff, that the king cannot grant it away. 4 Rep. Blount, Cowel.
SHiRE-mon, was antiently the judge of the Jhire, by whom trials for land, &c. were determined. Lamb. Peramb. 442. Blount.
SniRE-mffff, in our old writers, an afiembly of the county or Jhire at the aflizes, fcfe. Blount, Cowel. See the article
ScYREGEMOT, CycL
SHIVERS, in a fhip, the teamen's term for thofe little round wheels, in which the rope of a pulley or block runs. They turn with the rope, and have pieces of brafs in their centers, (which they call the cocks) with holes in them, into which the pin of the block goes, and on which they turn. Thefe Jhivers are ufually of wood ; but fome are of brafs, as thofe in the heels of the top-mafts.
SHIVERY fait, a name given by the falt-workers to a fort of fait, very little different from the common brine-falt. It is prepared in the fame manner, as that fait from the fait fprings in Chefliire, and other places, and is of a larger and firmer grain than that prepared in the common way, and is ftronger, and therefore more fit for the preferving meat. When they would make this fait, they fill the pans on Saturday night, and then, as they draw out no fait on Sundays, there is a very moderate fire kept up all that day, and on the Monday morning all the fait is taken out at one draught, having had time to form itfelf into larger cryftals than ordinary, as it is eight and forty hours, inftead of four and twenty in forming. Brownrig of Salt, p. 108. See the article Salt.
SHOAD, in mining, a term for a train of metalline ftones mixed with earth, fometimes lying near the furface, fome- times at confiderable depths ; but always ferving to the miners as a proof, that the load or, vein of the metal is there- about. The deeper the Jboad lies, the nearer ufually the vein is. Ray's Words, p. 120.
Sho AD-Jlones, a term ufed by the miners of Cornwall, and other parts of this kingdom, to exprefs fuch loofe mafles of ftone, as are ufually found about the entrances into mines, fometimes running in a ftrait courfe, from the load or vein of ore, to the furface of the earth.
Thefe are ftones of the common kinds, appearing to have been pieces broken from the ftrata, or larger manes, but they ufually contain mundic, or marcafetic matter, and more or Iefs of the ore to be found in the mine. They appear to have been at fome time rolled about in water, their cor- ners being broken oft 7 , and their furface fmoothed and rounded. The antimony mines in Cornwall are always- ea- fily difcovered by the Jhoad-fones, thefe ufually lying up to the furface, or very nearly fo; and the matter of the f one being a white fpar, or debafed cryftal, in which the native colour of the ore, which is a mining bluifh black, eafily difcovers itfelf in ftreaks and threads. Suppl. Vol. II.
S H O
Sboad-flones are of fo many kinds, and of fuch varioiis appear- ances, that it is not eafy to defcribe, or knOw them ; but the miners, to whom they are Of greateft ufe in the tracing, or fearching after new mines, diftinguiih them from other ftones by their weight : for if very ponderous, though they look ever fo much like common ftones, there is great* reafon to fufpect that they contain fome metal. Another mark of them, is their being fpungy and porous ; this is a fign of efpecial ufe in the tin countries, for the tin flioadfones are often fo porous and fpungy, that they referable large bones of animals thoroughly calcined. There are many other ap- pearances of tin Jhcads, the very hardeft and firmeft femes often containing this metal.
When the miners, in tracing a Jhoad up a hill, meet with fuch odd ftones and earths, that they know not well what to make of them, they have recourfe to vanning, that is, they calcine and powder the ftone, clay, or whatever elfe is fuppofed to contain the metal ; and then warning it in an inftrument, prepared for that purpofe, and called a vanning- Jhovel, they find the earthy matter wafhed away ; and of the remainder, the ftoney, or gravelly matter lies behind, and the metalline matter at the point of the fhovel. Iftheper- fon, who performs this operation, has any judgment, he ea- fily difcovers not only what the metal is that is contained in the Jhoad, but alfo will make a very probable guefs at what quantity the mine is likely to yield of it, in proportion to the ore. Phil. Tranf. N 3 69.
SHOE (Cycl.)- — Shoe, in the manege. A hoi fe-Jhoe is a piece of fiat iron, with two branches or wings, which btin<? com- monly forged according to the form of the hoof for "which it is defigned, is made round at the toe, and open at the heel.
A /hoe for all feet, is one that is cut at the toe into two equal parts, which are joined by a riveted nail ; upon which they are moveable in fuch a manner, that the Jhoe is in- larged or contracted, Iefs or more, at pleafure, in order to make it fit all forts and fizes of feet. To Jhoe a horfe after the form of a lunette, a patin, &c. See Lunette, Patin, &c.
SHOEING -hammer, in the manege, a hammer that the fmith or farrier makes ufe of to adjuft and fit the flioes upon the anvil, both hot and cold,
SHOOT, in the fea language. They fay the ballaft flmts y when it runs over from one fide to another.
SHOOTING (Gyef.)— Shooting of falls. It is to be ob- ferved, that the figures arifing from the Jhooting of diflblved falts are not conftantly the fame, but vary according to different circumftances ; fuch as when they happen to Jhoot more or Iefs haftily, or in different proportions of liquor. Boyle's Works Abridged, Vol. 1. p. 241. See the article Salt.
SHORES [Cycl;)— The Jhores of the fea are divided, bv Count Marfigli, into three portions, according to which all his de- fcriptions, in his accounts of thebafon of the fea, are given r The firft part of the Jhore, is that tract of land to which the fea juft reaches in ftorms and high tides, but which it never covers; the fecond part of the Jhore, is that which is co- vered in high tides and ftorms, but is dry at other times ; and the third is the defcent from this, which is always co- vered with water.
The firft part is only a continuation of the continent, and fuft'ers no alteration from the neighbourhood of the fea, except that it is rendered fit for the growth of fome plants, and wholly unfit for that of others, by the faline ftcams and impregnations ; and it is fcarce to be conceived by any, but thofe who have obferved it, how far in land the effects of the fea reach, fo as to make the earth proper for plants, which will not grow without this influence; there being feveral plants frequently found on high hills, and dry places, at three, four, and more miles from the fea, which yet would not grow, unlefs in the neighbourhood of it, nor will ever be found elfewhere.
The fecond part or portion of the Jhores is much more af- fected by the fea than the former, being frequently wafhed and beaten by it. Its productions are rendered fait by the water, and it is covered with fand, or with the fragments of fhells in form of fand, and in fome places with a tartarous matter depofited from the water, and the colour of this whole extent of ground is ufually dufky and dull, efpecially where there are rocks and ftones ; and thefe are covered with a (limy matter.
The third part of thejbortt is more affected by the fea than either of the others, and is covered with an uniform cruft of the true nature of the bottom of the fea, except that plants and animals have their refidence in it, and the decayed parts of thefe alter it a little.
SHORLING and morling, in our old writers, words ufed to diftinguifh fells of ineep ; Jhorling, being the fells after the fleeces are {horn oft" the iheeps back ; and morling, the fells flead off after they die, or are killed : in fome parts of Eng- land, they underftand by a Jhorling, a fheep whofe fleece is fhorn off; and by a marling, a fheep that dies. Stat. 3 Ed. 4. c. 1. Blount* See Morling.
2 M m m SHORT
