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J A S
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"ACE A, inapweecl, is comprehended by Linnzeus a- mong the" Ccntaaria. See the article Centauria, Append.
JACINTH, in botany^ a name ufed by fome for the
- hyacinth. See the article Hyacinth, Suppl.
JACK (Suppl.) — Jack is alio ufed for a well known engine to turn a fpit ; for a hurfe or wooden frame to ^iw timber upon ;
- foran inftrument to pull oft" a pair ofboots ; for a great leathern • pitcher to carry drink in ; for a fmal! bowl that ferves as
■ a -mark at the exerctfe of bowling ; and for a young pike. Di£t. Ruli. in voc.
Jack by the hedge, a name fomctimes given to the TJdafp'i of botanical writers. See the article Thlaspi. Suppl.
Jack by the hedge ts alfo ufed as the name of a fpecies of Hefpe- ris. See the article HesperiS, 'Suppl.
Jack in a hex, the name by which fume call a difKnct" genus of
. plants, called by botanifts Hermndia, See the article Her- NAN-DIA, Append.
■JACOBS Ladder, a name ufed by fome for the Polemonium of botanical writers. See the article Polemonium, Suppl.
JACOB/EOIDES, hr botany, the" name of a genus of plants, .according to Vaillant, but comprehended under the Soli dago by Linnaeus. See the article Solidago, Append.
-JAJL-fever, a name given to the malignant catarrhal fever, as
. ' being frequent in jails ; it is likewife calfd the hofpital fever, for a like reafon. See the articles Fever and Hospital- . fever, Append.
JALAP, a name fomctimes given to the Convolvulus, or bind-
- . weed of botanifts. See the article Convolvulus, Suppl.
JAMBS, among carpenters and bricklayers. See the article Jaums, Append.
JANNOCK, a kind of oaten bread, much ufed in the northern parts of England, and made of four leaven. Di£t. Ruft. in voc.
JASMINE (Suppl.-) Ilex-leaved Jasmine, the name by which the Lantana, a diftin£t genus of plants, is fome times called. See the article L antana, Suppl.
Arahan, or Indian Jasmine, the Englifti name of a genus of plants, called by Linnaeus Nyclanthes. See the article Nyc- tanthes, A<pend_.
Scarlet Jasmine j a riaine fometimes given to the Bignonia, or trumpet flower. See the article Trumpet -flower,. Suppl.
J?«£-Jasmine, a name given to the Plumeria of botanical wri- ters. See the article Plumeria, Suppl.
Perfian-} asmin-e, the name by which fome call Lilac. See the article Lilac, ■ Suppl.
Fennel-leaved Jasmine, a name fometimes given to Quamodit. See the article Quamoclit, Suppl.
JASMINOIDES, in botany, the name by which Dillenius calls the Lycium, of other botanifts. See the article Lycium, Suppl. and Append.
Jasmin oiDisJpedes, the name improperly given by Dillenius to a diftinct genus of plants, called by Linnaeus Cejirum. Sec the article Cestrum, Append.
JASPER, Jajpis, (Suppl.) in natural hiftory, a genus of ftones of the S erupt -kind, greatly refembling the finer marbles, or femi-pellucid gems. See the article Scrupi, Append, yafpers, though commonly reckoned among the precious ftones, undoubtedly belong to the ciafs of foffils above refer- red to ; being only detached opake maffes of various forms and fizes, and compofed of a cryftalline matter, debafed with an earthy admixture. It is to this laft ingredient of their compofition, that they owe all that variety of colours, and difference of opacity, whence naturalifts have fubdivided them into no lefs than feven orders, containing the white, the green, the red, &C, Jafpers.
Of the white Jafpers, there is only one known fpecies, the hard, fbining, white, marbly Jafper, commonly called the Nephritic /tone, on account of its fuppofed virtue in cafes of the Hone and gravel. It is found in many parts of America, particularly the great river of the Amazons, and worn by the natives as an, amulet. As to its medical virtues, they are too ridiculous to deferve a ferious refutation ; but its other ufes merit the attention of lapidaries, fince it is capable of be- ing fafhioned into cups and vafes of a beautiful polifh, and great brightnefs.
Of the green and greenifh Jafpers, we have the following fpecies : i. The hard, fine green Jafper. This is found in many parts of the world, as Egypt, Tartary, China, &c.
- md worn as an amulet againft fluxes, haemorrhages, &c 2.
The foft dufky green Jafper. This ftone, which is of much .els beauty and value than the foregoing fpecies, is very com- mon in Germany, Italy, France, England, &c. 3. The hard bluifh green Jafper, with red variegations. This is the ■heliotrope of the antients, and bkod-jlone of the moderns. It
is common in Africa, Egypt, and the Eaft-Indies ; and is worked into cups, vafes and-fnufir'-boxes. • - 4. The hard whit- ifli-grcen Jafper, which! is the nephritic 'Hone of author. It is. found in many parts of America, where the natives fafhion it into figures of birds, beafts, -fifties, and other forms j and '"for- merly ufed to wear it.hung.totheir lower lips. A thoufand ama- zing Tories are told, by very grave authors, of the nephritic qualities of this ftone. .5. The hard, yelleWife-green fafosr celebrated iikewife. for its nephritic virtues.- -it is found in' fe- veral parts of , Americas as alfo in. Germaiiy, Bohemia, and fome. other countries of Europe. 6. The bluilh-green, mar- blyjr>$4>y variegated with grey and black. 7. 'The hard, greyUh-green Jafper, called by -authors the Jade, or Lapis divinus,. the divine ftone. 8. The dull, deep green Jafper called by different authors Mobchite, Malochites, and Mala- chites. 9. The bluiih-green, fofter, dull Jafper. l^his is the borea, or fky-coloured Jafper of -the antiems, and makes a very beautiful appearance in cups, vafes, and other ornamental ■things. 10. The dufky-green Jafper, variegated with white and nefti colour ; this, tho' a coarfer fpecies than the pre- ceding one, .is not without its beauty ■
Of the red Jafpers, we know only four fpecies : 1. The hard, variegated, purple Jafper : This is the rofe-coloured Jafper of authors. It is a very beautiful ftone, and capable ot a high polifh. It is found in the Eaft and Weft-Indies, as alfo in Germany, Bohemia, and Spain, but of a coarfer kind. , 2. The bright red jafper, variegated with white. America and Europe both afrbrd this fpecies ; but thofe frum the former are the fineft. 3. The dull, purple and white Jafper. This, tho' of a coarfe and irregular ftruclurc, is not unh-cquently found manufactured into handles of knives, and other toys, both in England, Italy, and Germany. 4. The hard, dull, flefh-co loured Jafper. It is of an extremely pale whitifh red, generally throughout.
The fourth order ct Jafpers contains thofc of a brown 'co- lour, of which we have only one fpecies, the pale- brown^ hard Jafper, with purple veins. It is common on the York- shire and Suffcx ffiorcs, and -alfo in many of our gravel-pits. The fifth order contains the yellowifh Jafpers, of which there is only one known fpecies, the yellowifh, hard, variegated Jafper. -This is the turpentine- coloured Jafper of the an- tients. _ It is very common in the Eaft-Indies ; and we have it alfo in Germany, Bohemia, and other parts of Europe, but inferior to the oriental ones.
The bluifh Jafpers conftitute a fixth order ; and of thefe therp. are only two fpecies: 1. The pale bluifh Jafper, with black veins and clouds ; called by the antients the fmoaky Jafper. 1. The bluifh, marbly Jafper, variegated, with -white. The feventh and laft order of Jafpers contains the black ones, whereof there are only two fpecies : r. 'The black, marbly Jafper, variegated with white. 2. The black, marbly Jaf- per 7 variegated with yellow. Hill, Kift. Eofs. p. 57^ — 592- ' '
JAUMS, among carpenters, denote the door-pofts, as alfo the upright pofts at the ends of window- frames. Build. Diet, in voc. Jaums, among bricklayers, &c. the upright fides of chim- neys, from the hearth to the mantle-tree. Id. ibid. JAY, in zoology, the Englifh name of a fpecies of Corvus, with the upper feathers of the wings blue, variegated with black and white. See Corvus, Suppl. IBERIS (Suppl.) is alfo the name ufed by fome writers for a fpecies of Lepidlum, or dittander. See the article Lepidium Suppl. ' " *■
ICE-houfe, a building defigned to preferve Ice, for the ufe of fa- milies in the fummer fcafon.
Thefe are more generally ufed in warm countries, than with us j particularly in Italy, where the meancft perfon, who rents a houfe, is not without his vault or cellar for keemae of Ice, l *
Ice-houfes being much more ufed with us than formerly, it may not be amifs to give fome general directions for the choice of the fituation, and ftruc~We of them ; as alfo for the management of the Ice.
The fituation, then, fhould be upon a dry fpot of "round ; becaufe wherever there is moifture, the Ice will melt : for which reafon, too much care cannot be taken to make drains all round them. The place fhould likewife be elevated, and as much expofed to the fun and air as poflible. As to the figure of the building itfelf, the proprietor may choofe fuch as pleafes his own fancy ; but a circular form is the beft for the well where the Ice is to be preferved, which fhould be large in proportion to the quantity to be kept. — It is befi to have as much as may fervc two or three years, in cafe of a mild winter, when little or no Ice is to be got. At
the
