- graved by Paradisi.—Smith, ii. 149; Gal.
du Pal. Pitti, i. Pl. 84.
PHILOSOPHY, Raphael, Camera della
Segnatura, Vatican; fresco, medallion of
ceiling. Female figure seated on a marble
throne-chair; symbolical representations of
the four elements are woven into her dress,
and on her knees are books entitled "Naturalis
et Moralis;" two genii stand by,
holding inscribed tablets. Painted in 1512;
probably entirely by Raphael.—Engraved
by B. Audran; R. Morghen; and others.—Passavant,
ii. 88; Müntz, 311, 316, 350.
By Raphael (fresco). See School of Athens.
PHILOXENUS, painter, of Eretria, pupil
of Nicomachus, probably about 330 B.C. He
painted for King Cassander a picture of one
of the battles between Alexander and Darius,
which, says Pliny (xxxv. 36 [110]), was
inferior to none. A grotesque picture representing
three Sileni at their revels was also
his work.
PHRYLUS, painter. See Erillus.
PHRYNE GOING TO THE BATH AS
VENUS, Joseph M. W. Turner, National
Gallery, London; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. × 5
ft. 5 in. An extensive landscape, with baths
in middle distance, and a crowd of figures
in foreground; among them, on right,
Phryne as Venus in her chariot; on left
foreground, Demosthenes taunted by Æschines.
Royal Academy, 1838; Turner Collection.
Engraved by J. B. Allen.—Hamerton,
Life; Cat. Nat. Gal.
PHRYNE BEFORE THE TRIBUNAL,
Jean Léon Gérôme, Paris; canvas. Phryne,
accused by Euthias of a capital crime, was
defended by one of her lovers, the orator
Hyperides. When his eloquence failed to
move the judges, he bade her unveil her
charms and thus secured her acquittal. Salon,
1861. Engraved by Flameng.—Gaz.
des B. Arts (1861), x. 266.
PIAZZA, CALLISTO, born at Lodi, died
there in 1561 (?). Venetian school; history
painter, son and pupil of Martino Piazza
(died in 1527), and one of the most successful
followers of Titian, although he imitated
Giorgione also, and afterwards studied at
Brescia under Romanino; settled at Lodi
about 1529, and in 1539 went to Spain and
painted in the Escorial, and thence to Lisbon,
where he was the recipient of great
honours. His earlier works are distinguished
for grand conception and powerful colouring,
but in his latter years he became flat
and mannered. His masterpiece is an Assumption
(1533), in the parish church at
Codogno, said to be worthy of the ablest disciple
of that school. Other works: Visitation
of Mary (1521), S. Maria in Calchera,
Brescia; Nativity (1524), S. Clemente, ib.;
Daughter of Herodias (1526), Vienna Museum;
Massacre of the Innocents, Cathedral,
Lodi; Beheading of (1530), and four other
Episodes in Life of St. John, Pietà (1538),
Mysteries of the Passion, Life of the Virgin,
S. Maria Incoronata, ib.; Madonna Enthroned,
St. Stephen crowned by Angels,
Marriage at Cana (1545), Brera, Milan. His
brothers Cesare and Scipione were also
painters. A Madonna (ascribed to Cesare
da Sesto) is in the Turin Gallery.—C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 432; Kunstbl. (1838), No. 75;
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 188; Lübke, Gesch. ital.
Mal., ii. 622; Nagler, xi. 252.
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PIAZZETTA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born in Venice in 1682, died there, April
28, 1754. Venetian school; pupil of Antonio
Molinari, a mediocre painter; afterwards
studied the works of Guercino and adopted
his system of chiaroscuro and bold relief.
Among the last of the Venetian painters of
any note. Among his best works are: Glory
of St. Dominick, in SS. Giovanni e Paolo,
Venice; and the Decollation of St. John,
Santo, Padua.
Most of his
works have
been engraved.—Ch. Blanc, École vénitienne,
Appendice, 48; Burckhardt, 799.
PICHON, PIERRE AUGUSTE, born at
Sorèze (Tarn), Dec. 6, 1805. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Ingres. Medals:
3d class, 1843; 2d class, 1844; 1st class,
