CHAP. 1.
----the pretorians will, very soon and very loudly, demand our attention ; but in their arms awd institutions, we cannot find any circumstance which discriminated them from the legions, unless it were a more splendid appearance, and a less rigid discipline[1].
Navy.The navy maintained by the emperors might seem inadequate to their greatness ; but it was fully sufficient for every useful purpose of government. The ambition of the Romans was confined to the land ; nor was that warlike people ever actuated by the enterprising spirit which had prompted the navigators of Tyre, of Carthage, and even of Marseilles, to enlarge the bounds of the world, and to explore the most remote coasts of the ocean. To the Romans the ocean remained an object of terror rather than of curiosity[2]: the whole extent of the Mediterranean, after the destruction of Carthage, and the extirpation of the pirates, was included within their provinces. The policy of the emperors was directed only to preserve the peaceful dominion of that sea, and to protect the commerce of their subjects. With these moderate views, Augustus stationed two permanent fleets in the most convenient ports of Italy ; the one at Ravenna, on the Adriatic ; the other at Misenum, in the bay of Naples. Experience seems at length to have convinced the ancients, that as soon as their galleys exceeded two, or at the most three ranks of oars, they were suited rather for vain pomp than for real service. Augustus himself, in the victory of Actium, had seen the superiority of his own light frigates (they were called Liburnians) over the lofty but unwieldy castles of his rival [3]. Of these Liburnians he composed the two fleets of Ravenna and Misenum, destined to command, the one the
- ↑ Tacitus (Annal. iv. 5.) has given us a state of the legions under Tiberius; and Dion Cassius, (1. Iv. p. 794.) under Alexander Severus. I have endeavoured to fix on the proper medium between these two periods. See likewise Lipsius de Magnitudine Romana, 1. i. c. 4, 5.
- ↑ The Romans tried to disguise, by the pretence of religious awe, their ignorance and terror. See Tacit. Germania, c. 34.
- ↑ Plutarch, in Marc. Anton. And yet, if we may credit Orosius, these monstrous castles were no more than ten feet above the water, vi. 19.
