ii. 632.) Macrobius (Sat. iii. 8) also mentions a statue of Venus in Cyprus, representing the goddess with a beard, in female attire, but resembling in her whole figure that of a man. (Comp. Suidas, s. v. Ἀφροδίτη; Hesych. s. v. Ἀφρόδιτος.) The idea of Venus thus being a mixture of the male and female nature, seems to belong to a very late period of antiquity. (Voss, Mythol. Briefe, ii. p. 282, &c.) [L. S.]
BARBA'TIO, commander of the household troops under the Caesar Gallus, arrested his master, by command of Constantius, at Petovium in Noricum, and thence, after stripping him of the ensigns of his dignity, conducted him to Pola in
Istria, A. D. 354. In return for his services, he was
promoted, upon the death of Silvanus, to the rank of general of the infantry (peditum magister), and was sent with an army of 25,000 or 30,000 men to cooperate with Julian in the campaign against the Alemanni in 356 ; but he treacherously deserted him, either through envy of Julian, or in accordance with the secret instructions of the emperor. In 358, he defeated the Juthungi, who had invaded Rhaetia; and, in the following year, he was beheaded by command of Constantius, in consequence of an imprudent letter which his wife had written him, and which the emperor thought indicated
treasonable designs on his part. (Amm. Marc. xiv. 11, xvi. 11, xvii. 6, xviii. 3; Liban. Orat. x. p. 273.)
M. BARBA'TIUS, a friend of J. Caesar, and afterwards quaestor of Antony in B. C. 40. (Cic.
Phil. xiii. 2; Appian, B. C. v. 31.) His name occurs on a coin of Antony : the obverse of which
is M. Ant. Imp. Avg. IIIvir. R. P. C, M. Barbat. Q. P., where there can be little doubt that M. Barbat. signifies M. Barbatius, and not Barbatus, as Ursinus and others have conjectured, who make it a surname of the Valeria gens. The letters Q. P. probably siynify Quaestor Propraetore. (Comp. Eckhel, v. p. 334.)
This M. Barbatius appears to be the same as the Barbarius Philippus mentioned by Ulpian (Dig. 1. tit. 14. s. 3), where Barbaius is only a false reading for Barbadus, and also the same as the Barbius Philippicus, spoken of by Suidas. (s. v.) We learn from Ulpian and Suidas that M. Barbatius was a runaway slave, who ingratiated himself into the favour of Antony, and through his influence obtained the praetorship under the triumvirs. While discharging the duties of his office in the forum he was recognized, we are told, by his old master, but privately purchased his freedom by a large sum of money. (Comp. Garaton. ad Cic. Phil. xiii. 2.)
BARBA'TUS, the name of a family of the
Iloratia gens. Barbatus was also a surname of P.
Cornelius Scipio, consul in B. c. 328 [SciPio], of
the Quinctii Capitolini [Capitolinus], and of M.
Valerius Messalla, consul in B. c. 12. [Messalla.]
1. M. HoRATius M. F. M. N. Barbatus, was
one of the most violent opponents of the second
decemvirs, when they resolved to continue their
power beyond their year of office. In the tumult
which followed the death of Virginia, Valerius
Poplicola and Horatius Barbatus put themselves
at the head of the popular movement ; and when
the plebeians seceded to the Sacred Hill, Valerius
and Horatius were sent to them by the senate, as
the only acceptable deputies, to negotiate the terras
of peace. The right of appeal and the tribunes were restored to the plebs, and a full indemnity
granted to all engaged in the secession. The
decemvirate was also abolished, and the two friends
of the plebs, Valerius and Horatius, were elected
consuls, b. c. 449. The liberties of the plebs
were still further confirmed in their consulship by
the passing of the celebrated Vaieriae Horatiae
Leges. [Poplicola.] Horatius gained a great
victory over the Sabines, which inspired them with
such dread of Rome, that they did not take up
anns again for the next hundred and fifty years.
The senate out of spite refused Horatius a triumph,
but he celebrated one without their consent, by
command of the populus. (Liv. iii. 39, &c., 49,
50,53,55, 61—63; Dionys. xi. 5, 22, 38, 45,
48 ; Cic. de Jiep. ii. 31 ; Diod. xii. 26 ; Zonar.
vii. 18.)
2. L. HoRATics Barbatus, consular tribune,
b. c. 425. (Liv. iv. 35.)
BARBILLUS {BapSiWo^), an astrologer at
Rome in the reign of Vespasian. (Dion Cass. Ixvi.
9.) He was retained and consulted by the em-
peror, though all of his profession were forbidden
the city. He obtained the establishment of the
games at Ephesus, which received their name from
him, and are mentioned in the Arundelian Mar-
bles, p. ri, and discussed in a note in Reimar's
edition of Dion Cass. vol. ii. p. 1084. [A. G.]
BARBUCALLUS, JOANNES {'luAvims Bap-
SovKaWos), the author of eleven epigrams in the
Greek Anthology. From internal evidence his
date is fixed by Jacobs about A. D. 551. The
Scholiast derives his name from Barbucale, a city
of Spain within the Ebro mentioned by Polybius
and Stephanus. The name of the city as actually
given by Polybius (iii. 14), Stephanus Byzantinus
(s. v.), and Livy (xxi. 5), is Arbucale {'Ap§ovKd,ri)
or Arbocala, probably the modern Albucella. [P. S.]
BA'RBULA, the name of a family of the patrician Aeniilia gens.
. Q. Aemjlius Q. f. L. n. Barbula, consul
in B. c. 317, in which year a treaty was made with
the Apulian Teates, Nerulum taken by Barbula,
and Apulia entirely subdued. (Liv. ix. 20, 21 ;
Diod. xix. 17.) Barbula was consul again in 311,
and had the conduct of the war against the Etruscans, with whom he fought an indecisive battle
according to Livy. (ix. 30 — 32 ; Diod. xx. 3.)
The Fasti, however, assign him a triumph over the
Etruscans, but this Niebuhr {Rom. Uitt. iii. p.
278) tliinks to have been an invention of the
family, more especially as the next campaign
against the Etruscans was not opened as if the Romans had been previously conquerors.
. L. Aemilius Q. f. Q. n. Barbula, son of
No. 1, was consul in B. c. 281. The Tarentines
had rejected with the vilest insult the terras of
peace which had been oflfered by Posturaius, the
Roraan ambassador ; but as the republic had both
the Etruscans and Samnites to contend with, it
was unwilling to come to a rupture with the Tarentines, and accordingly sent the consul Barbula
towards Tarentura with instructions to offer the
same terms of peace as Posturaius had, but if they
were again rejected to raake war against the city.
The 1 arentines, however, adhered to their former
resolution ; but as they were unable to defend
themselves against the Romans, they invited
Pyrrhus to their assistance. As soon as Barbula
became acquainted with their determination, he
prosecuted the war with the utmost vigour, beat
