of an animal state of existence, unimproved by the progress of civilization. Accordingly we hear that his moral theory was even stricter than that of ordinary Stoicism, denying that pleasure was agreeable to nature, or in any way good. The direction to follow universal nature also led to fatalist conclusions, of which we find traces in the lines
ὰγου δε μ᾽ ὦ Ζεῦ, και σύ γ᾽ ἡ Πεπρωμένη, ὅποι ποθ᾽ ὑμῖν εἰμὶ διατεταγμένος, κ. τ. λ.
(Mohnike, Kleanthes der Stoiker, fragm. i.; see also Diog. Laërt. l.c.; Cic. Acad. iv. 23, Div. i. 3, Fin. ii. 21, iv. 3; Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, xi. 5. 1; Brucker, Hist. Crit. Philosoph. pt. 11. lib. ii. c. 9.)
CLEANTHES (Κλεάνθης)., the name of a
freedman of Cato the Younger, who was also his
physician, and attended him at the time of his
deith, B. c. 46. (Plut. Cat. ad fin.)
CLEANTHES, an ancient painter of Corinth,
mentioned among the inventors of that art by
Pliny {H. N. xxxv. 5) and Athenagoras. {Legat.
pro Christ, c 17). A picture by him represent-
ing the birth of Minerva was seen in the tem-
ple of Diana near the Alpheus. (Strab. viii. p. 343,
b. ; Athen. viiL p. 346, c.) This work was not,
as Gerhard {Auserles. Vase}ibilJer, i. p. 12) says,
confounding our artist with Ctesilochus (Plin.
xxxv. 40), in a ludicrous style, but rather in the
severe style of ancient art.
CLEARCHUS (Κλέαρχος), a Spartan, son of
Ramphias. In the congress which the Spartans
held at Corinth, in a. c. 412, it was determined to
employ him as commander in the Hellespont after
Chios and Lesbos should be gained from the Athe-
nians ; and in the same year the eleven commis-
sioners, who were sent out from Sparta to take
cognizance of the conduct of Astyochus, were en-
trusted with the discretionary power of despatch-
ing a force to the Hellespont under Clearchus.
(Thuc. viii. 8, 39.) In B. c. 410, he was present
at the battle of Cyzicus under Mindarus, who ap-
pointed him to lead that part of the force which
was specisdlv opposed to Thrasybulus. (Diod. xiii.
51 ; Xen. JJell. i. 1. § 16, &c. ; Plut. A/c. 28.)
In the same year, on the proposal of Agis, he was
sent to Chalcedon and Byzantium, with the latter
of which states he had a connexion of hospitality,
to endeavour to cut off the Athenian supplies of
corn in that quarter, and he accordingly fixed his
residence at Byzantium as harmost. When the
town was besieged by the Athenians, B. c. 408,
Clearchus reserved all the provisions, when they
became scarce, for the Lacedaemonian soldiers ;
and the consequent sufferings of the inhabitants,
as well as the general tyranny of his rule, led
some parties within the place to surrender it to the
enemy, and served afterwards to justify them even
in the eyes of Spartan judges when they were
brought to trial for the alleged treachery. At the
time of the surrender, Clearchus had crossed over
to Asia to obtain money from Pharnabazus and to
collect a force sufficient to raise the siege. He
was afterwards tried for the loss of the town, and
fined. (Xen. HeU. i. 1. § 35, 3. § 15, &c. ; Diod.
xiii. 67; Plut. Ale. 31; Polyaen. i. 47, ii. 2.) In
B. c. 406 he was present at the battle of Arginusae,
and was named by Callicratidas as the man most
fit to act as commander, should he himself be slain.
(Diod. xiii. 98.) On the conclusion of the Pelo-
ponnesian war, Clearchus, to whom peace was ever
irksome, persuaded the Spartans to send him as
general to Thrace, to protect the Greeks in that
quarter against the Thracians. But by the time he had reached the isthmus, the ephors repented their selection of him, and sent an order for his recall. He proceeded however to the Hellespont in spite of it, and was consequently condemned to death by the authorities at home. At Byzantium, where he took up his residence, he behaved with great cruelty, and, having put to death many of . the chief citizens and seized their property, he raised a body of mercenaries with the money, and made himself master of the place. The Spartans, according to Diodorus, having remonstrated with him to no purpose, sent a force against him under Panthoides ; and Clearchus, thinking it no longer safe to remain in Byzantium, withdrew to Selym- bria. Here he was defeated and besieged, but effected his escape by night, and passing over to Asia, proceeded to the court of Cyrus. The prince, whose object was to collect, without exciting suspi- cion, as many troops as possible for his intended expedition against his brother, supplied Clearchus with a large sum of money, with which he levied mercenaries, and employed them, till Cyrus should need their services, in protecting the Greeks of the Thracian Chersonesus against the neighbouring barbarians. Plutarch says, — a statement not very easy to be reconciled with the sentence of deatli which had been passed against him, — that he re- ceived also an order from Sparta to promote in all points the objects of Cyrus. When the prince had set out on his expedition, Clearchus joined him at Celaenae in Phrygia with a body of 2000 men in all, being, according to Xenophon {Anab. iii. 1. § 10), the only Greek who was aware of the prince's real object. When the actual intention of Cyrus began to be suspected, the Greeks refused to march further, and Clearchus, attempting to force his own troops to proceed, narrowly escaped stoning at their hands. Professing then to come into their wishes, and keeping up a show of vari- ance between himself and Cyrus, he gradually led, not his own forces only, but the rest of his coun- trymen as well, to perceive the difficulties of their position should they desert the service of the prince, and thus ultimately induced them to advance. When Orontes was brought to trial for his treason, Clearchus was the only Greek admitted into the number of judges, and he was the first to advise sentence of death against the accused. At the battle of Cunaxa, b. c. 401, he commanded the right wing of the Greeks, which rested on the Euphrates ; from this position he thought it unsafe to withdraw, as such a step would have exposed him to the risk of being surrounded ; and he there- fore neglected the directions of Cyrus, who had desired him to charge with all his force the enemy's centre. PluUirch blames him exceedingly for such an excess of caution, and attributes to it the loss of the battle. When the Greeks began their re- treat, Clearchus was tacitly recognized as their commander-in-chief, and in this capacity he exhi- bited his usual qualities of prudence and energy, as well as great strictness in the preservation of discipline. At length, however, being desirous of coming to a better understanding with Tissapher- nes, and allaying the suspicions which existed be- tween him and the Greeks in spite of their solemn treaty, Clearchus sought an interview with the satrap, the result of which was an agreement to punish the parties on both sides who had laboured to excite their mutual jealousy j and Tissaphemes
